The University of Texas at Austin; College of Liberal Arts

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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon from Pokorny, with an English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principle parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear at the end. All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on corrections may be made and/or more reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 4. ter- 'to cross, get over, etc.'

Semantic Fields: Bridge; to Overtake

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	tungeþrum	n	tongue ligament	W7
Middle English:	determinen	vb	to determine	W7
	terme	n	term, boundary	W7
	thrum	n	thrum	W7
English:	determine	vb	to fix conclusively/authoritatively	AHD/W7
	exterminate	vb.trans	to annihilate, get rid of completely	AHD/W7
	term	n	end, boundary, termination	AHD/W7
	terminate	vb	to close, bring to end	AHD/W7
	terminus	n	final goal, finishing point	AHD/W7
	thrum	n	warp thread fringe left on loom after cloth is removed	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old High German:	drum	n	fragment	W7
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	þrǫmr	n.masc	edge, rim (of shield)	LRC
Italic
Latin:	dēterminō, dētermināre	vb	to determine	W7
	exterminatus	vb.ptc	exterminated	W7
	exterminō, extermināre	vb	to exterminate	W7
	intrō, intrāre	vb	to enter, go into	RPN
	terminatus	vb.ptc	finished, limited	W7
	terminō, termināre	vb	to finish, limit	W7
	terminus	n.masc	term	W7
	trāns	adv/prep	over, across	RPN
Old French:	terme	n.masc	term	W7
Middle French:	determiner	vb	to determine	W7
Hellenic
Greek:	termōn	n.masc	term	W7
Anatolian
Hittite:	tar-ah̯-zi	vb.3.sg.pres	to conquer, control, be powerful	RPN
Indic
Sanskrit:	tárati	vb	to pass over/across/through	RPN
	tārayati	vb.caus	to bring over/across/through	RPN
	tiráḥ	adv	over, across, through	RPN
	tū́rvati	vb	to excel, overpower	RPN
	trāyáte	vb	to defend, protect	RPN

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
3	=	3rd person
adv	=	adverb(ial)
caus	=	causative
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
prep	=	preposition
pres	=	present (tense)
ptc	=	participle
sg	=	singular (number)
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)