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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

Fans of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings may appreciate the source & meaning tips that pop up when the mouse pointer hovers over a non-obvious word or name that he coined from Indo-European (usually Old English or Old Norse) stock. But only reflexes of PIE etyma can be included, and these tend to concentrate in the vocabulary of Rohan and the Shire.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 1. tong-, *teng- 'to think, feel'

Semantic Field: to Think, Reflect

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	beþencan	vb.wk.I	to bethink	AHD
	or-þanc	adj	cunning, skillful	ASD
	or-þanc	n.masc/neut	device, artifice, skillful work/contrivance	ASD
	þanc	n.masc	thought; thanks, grace, mercy, gratitude	LRC
	þencan, þōhte, þōht	vb.wk.I	to think, intend, resolve	LRC
	þōht	n.masc	mind, thought	W7
	þyncan, þūhte, geþūht	vb.wk.I	to seem, appear; think	LRC
Middle English:	bithinken	vb	to bethink	AHD
	thank	n	thank	W7
	thenken	vb	to think	W7
	thought	n	thought	W7
English:	bethink, bethought	vb.irr.trans	to recall, remember	AHD/W7
	methinks	vb.3.sg	it seems to me	AHD/W7
	Orthanc	prop.n	Saruman's tower in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	thank	n	gratitude, kindly/grateful thought	AHD/W7
	think, thought	vb.irr	to form/have in mind	AHD/W7
	thought	n	cogitation, act/process of thinking	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	thank/thonk	n.masc	thanks, thought, grace, pleasure	ASD
	thanka/thenkia	vb	to think	ASD
Dutch:	danken	vb	to thank	LRC
	denken	vb	to think	LRC
	gedenkteeken	n	monument	TLL
Old Saxon:	thank	n.masc	thanks, grace, pleasure	ASD
	thenkian	vb	to think	ASD
	thuukian	vb	to seem, appear	ASD
Low German:	thenkan/thāhta	vb	to think	ASD
Old High German:	dank/danc/thanc	n.masc	thanks, gratitude	W7/ASD
	denken/denchen	vb	to think	W7/ASD
	dunchan	vb	to seem, appear	ASD
	urdanc/urdank	n.str.masc	idea, invention, fabrication	LRC
German:	Dank	n.masc	gratitude	LRC
	danken	vb	to thank	LRC
	denken	vb	to think	LRC
	Denkmal	n	monument	TLL
	Gedanke	n.masc	thought	LRC
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	þykkja, þótti	vb	to seem, be thought	LRC
Icelandic:	þekkja	vb	to perceive, know	ASD
	þōttr/þōtti	n.masc	thought, mind	ASD
	þykkja	vb	to seem, appear	ASD
	þökk	n.masc	thanks, pleasure	ASD
Danish:	takke	vb	to thank	LRC
	tænke	vb	to think	LRC
Swedish:	tacka	vb	to thank	LRC
	tänka	vb	to think	LRC
E-Germanic
Gothic:	þag(g)kjan	vb	to think, consider, consult, debate	ASD
	þug(g)kjan	vb.wk.I	to seem, appear	ASD

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
3	=	3rd person
I	=	class 1
adj	=	adjective
irr	=	irregular
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
prop	=	proper
sg	=	singular (number)
str	=	strong (inflection)
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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