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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: trāgh-, trō̆gh-, and trē̆gh- 'to drag, train, pull, move'

Semantic Fields: to Draw, Pull; to Move

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	traig	n	foot	RPN
Breton:	troad	n	foot	RPN
Old Cornish:	truit	n	foot	RPN
Welsh:	troed	n	foot	RPN
English
Old English:	þrǣgan	vb	to run, proceed	RPN
	þrǣl	n.masc	thrall	W7
	þrāg	n.fem	(period of) time, season	RPN
Middle English:	atrete	adv	plainly, straight out	MEV
	attracten	vb	to attract	W7
	contract	n	contract	W7
	detracten	vb	to detract	W7
	distracten	vb	to distract	W7
	extracten	vb	to extract	W7
	portraien	vb	to portray	W7
	retracten	vb	to retract	W7
	thral	n	thrall	W7
	tract	n	tract	W7
	trailen	vb	to trail	W7
	train	n	train	W7
	trainen	vb	to train	W7
	treten	vb	to treat	W7
English:	abstract	adj	dissociated from specific instance	AHD/W7
	abstract	vb	to remove, separate	W7
	attract	vb	to cause to approach/adhere	AHD/W7
	contract	n	covenant, binding agreement	AHD/W7
	contract	vb	to establish/undertake by contract	AHD/W7
	detract	vb	to speak ill of	AHD/W7
	distract	vb.trans	to divert, turn aside	AHD/W7
	extract	vb.trans	to draw forth	AHD/W7
	portray	vb.trans	to depict, make picture of	AHD/W7
	protract	vb.trans	to defer, delay	AHD/W7
	retract	vb	to draw back/in	AHD/W7
	subtract	vb	to deduct, take away	AHD/W7
	thrall	n	serf, slave, servant	W7
	tract	n	pamphlet/leaflet of political/religious propaganda	AHD/W7
	tractable	adj	docile, able to be led/taught/controlled easily	AHD/W7
	traction	n	act/state of pulling/being drawn	AHD/W7
	trail	vb	to hang down dragging/sweeping along ground	AHD/W7
	train	n	part of gown trailing behind wearer	AHD/W7
	train	vb	to drag, trail	AHD/W7
	trait	n	stroke (as) of pencil	AHD/W7
	treat	vb	to negotiate, discuss terms of settlement/accommodation	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old High German:	drigil	n	servant	RPN
German:	abstrahieren	vb	to abstract	LRC
N-Germanic
Old Icelandic:	þræll	n	thrall	RPN
Icelandic:	þrǽll	n.masc	thrall	ASD
E-Germanic
Gothic:	þragjan	vb	to run	RPN
Italic
Latin:	abstractus	vb.ptc	detached, drawn away	W7
	abstraho, abstrahere	vb	to detach, draw away	W7
	attractus	vb.ptc	attracted, drawn to	W7
	attraho, attrahere	vb	to attract, draw to	W7
	contractus	vb.ptc	driven, hauled	W7
	contraho, contrahere	vb	to draw together, reduce in size; make a contract	W7
	detractus	vb.ptc	withdrawn, disparaged	W7
	detraho, detrahere	vb	to withdraw, disparage	W7
	distractus	vb.ptc	drawn apart	W7
	distraho, distrahere	vb	to draw apart	W7
	extractus	vb.ptc	drawn out	W7
	extraho, extrahere	vb	to draw out	W7
	protractus	vb.ptc	drawn forward	W7
	protraho, protrahere	vb	to draw forward	W7
	retractus	vb.ptc	drawn back	W7
	retraho, retrahere	vb	to draw back	W7
	subtractus	vb.ptc	subtracted, taken away	W7
	subtraho, subtrahere	vb	to withdraw, draw from beneath	W7
	tractabilis	adj	tractable	W7
	tractatus	n.masc	treatise, management	W7
	tractō, tractāre	vb	to draw, drag, tug; treat, handle	RPN
	tractus, tractūs	n.masc	traction	TLL
	tractus	vb.ptc	dragged	W7
	tragula	n.fem	sledge, dragnet	W7
	trahō, trahere	vb	to draw, drag, haul	RPN
Vulgar Latin:	tragino, tragināre	vb	to drag	W7
Medieval Latin:	abstractus	vb.ptc	drawn away, detached	W7
New Latin:	tractio, tractionis	n.fem	traction	W7
Old French:	train	n.masc	action of dragging	W7
	traîner	vb	to drag	W7
	traitier	vb	to treat, handle	W7
Middle French:	contracter	vb	to agree upon	W7
	portraire	vb	to portray	W7
	trailler	vb	to tow	W7
	traîner	vb	to draw, drag	W7
	trait	n.masc	trait, trace, draft	W7
Albanian
Albanian:	kontratë	n.fem	contract	LRC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
ptc	=	participle
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
MEV	=	J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922)
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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