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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon from Pokorny, with an English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principle parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear at the end. All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on corrections may be made and/or more reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: trei- 'three'

Semantic Fields: Three; Number

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	þirdda/þridda	nbr.ord	third (3rd)	W7
	þridding	n.fem	doing something for the 3rd time	W7
	þrīe, þrēo, þrēo	nbr.card	three (3)	LRC
	þriga	adv	thrice	W7
	þrītig	nbr.card	thirty (30)	LRC
Middle English:	detesten	vb	to detest	W7
	protesten	vb	to protest	W7
	riding	n	riding	W7
	terce	nbr.ord	tierce	W7
	tercian	adj	tertian	W7
	testament	n	testament	W7
	testicule	n	testicle	W7
	testifien	vb	to testify	W7
	testimony	n	testimony	W7
	thirde/thridde	nbr.ord	third (3rd)	W7
	three	nbr.card	three (3)	W7
	thrie(s)	adv	thrice	W7
	thritty	nbr.card	thirty (30)	W7
	tierce	nbr.ord	tierce	W7
	treis	n	trey	W7
	treye	n	trey	W7
	tri-	pfx	tri-	W7
	tribe	n	tribe	W7
	trine	adj	trine	W7
English:	attest	vb	to affirm as true/genuine	AHD/W7
	contest	vb	to make subject of dispute/contention/litigation	AHD/W7
	detest	vb.trans	to abhor, loathe, dislike intensely	AHD/W7
	obtest	vb	to beseech, supplicate	AHD/W7
	protest	vb	to avow, make solemn declaration/affirmation of	AHD/W7
	riding	n	administrative jurisdiction in Yorkshire, England	AHD/W7
	sesterce	n	ancient Roman coin: 1/4 denarius	AHD/W7
	tern	n	type of sea gull	AHD/W7
	tertian	adj	recurring at ca. 48-hour intervals	AHD/W7
	tertiary	adj	of 3d rank/value/importance	AHD/W7
	tertiary	n	member of of monastic 3rd order	AHD/W7
	testament	n	covenant between God and man	AHD/W7
	testicle	n	testis	AHD/W7
	testify	vb	to bear witness, make statement based on personal belief/knowledge	AHD/W7
	testimony	n	(ark containing) tablets inscribed with Mosaic law	AHD/W7
	testis	n	male reproductive gland	AHD/W7
	third	nbr.ord	3rd in place/time	AHD/W7
	thirty	nbr.card	30	AHD/W7
	three	nbr.card	3	AHD/W7
	thrice	adv	three (3) times	AHD/W7
	tierce	nbr.ord	third (3rd)	AHD/W7
	trafine/trefine	n	(obs.) trephine	AHD/W7
	trephine	n	surgical instrument for cutting .circular sections	AHD/W7
	trey	n	side of die/domino with 3 spots	AHD/W7
	tri-	pfx	three	AHD/W7
	triad	n	trinity, group/union of three	AHD/W7
	tribe	n	social group comprising relatives/adoptees/slaves	AHD/W7
	tridactyl	adj	having 3 fingers/toes	AHD/W7
	triglyph	n	type of tablet in Doric frieze	AHD/W7
	trillium	n	lily with erect stem bearing 3 leaves	AHD/W7
	Trimurti	prop.n	triad of gods: Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva (Hinduism)	LRC
	trine	adj	triple, threefold	AHD/W7
	trio	n	group of three	AHD/W7
	triplex	adj	triple, threefold	AHD/W7
	tritium	n	radioactive hydrogen isotope with 3 times ordinary mass	AHD/W7
	tritone	n	musical interval: three whole steps	AHD/W7
	troika	n	Russian vehicle pulled by 3 horses abreast	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old High German:	drī	nbr.card	three (3)	W7
Old Frisian:	thria	adv	thrice	W7
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	þriði	nbr.ord	third (3rd)	W7
	þriðjungr	n	third part	W7
	þrír	nbr.card	three (3)	LRC
Danish:	terne	n	tern, sea-swallow	W7/DEO
E-Germanic
Gothic:	þreis, þrija	nbr.card	three (3)	LRC
Italic
Latin:	attestor, attestari	vb.dep	to prove, confirm, attest	W7
	contestor, contestari	vb.dep	to call as witness	W7
	destestor, detestari	vb.dep	to curse while calling on deity as witness	W7
	obtestor, obtestari	vb.dep	to beseech, call to witness	W7
	protestor, protestari	vb.dep	to witness before jury	W7
	sestertius	adj	two and a half times as great	W7
	ter	adv	thrice	LRC
	tertianus	adj	of the third	W7
	tertiarius	adj	of a third	W7
	tertius	nbr.ord	third	W7
	testamentum	n.neut	will, covenant	W7
	testiculus	n.masc	testicle	W7
	testificor, testificari	vb.dep	to testify	W7
	testimonium	n.neut	evidence, witness	W7
	testis	n.masc	witness	W7
	testor, testari	vb	to bear witness, give evidence	W7
	tres	nbr.card	three	W7
	tri-	pfx	three	W7
	triad-	pfx	group of three	W7
	trias	n.fem	triad	W7
	tribus	n.fem	tribe, division of (Roman) people	W7
	triglyphus	n.masc	triglyph	W7
	trini	adv	three each	W7
	trinus	adj	of three	W7
	triplex	adj	threefold	W7
Late Latin:	testamentum	n.neut	covenant with God, holy scripture	W7
	testimonium	n.neut	testimony, Decalogue	W7
Medieval Latin:	tertiarius	adj	of a third	W7
New Latin:	trillium	n.neut	genus of herbs	W7
	tritium	n.neut	radioactive hydrogen isotope	W7
Italian:	tri-	pfx	three	W7
	trio	n.masc	trio, set of three	W7
Middle French:	attester	vb	to attest	W7
	contester	vb	to contest	W7
	obtester	vb	to obtest	W7
	protester	vb	to protest	W7
	terz	nbr.ord	third (3rd)	W7
	tierce	nbr.ord	third (3rd)	W7
	treie	nbr	three (3)	W7
	treis	nbr	three (3)	W7
	trin	adj	of three	W7
French:	tréphine	n.fem	trephine	W7
	trio	n.masc	trio	W7
	trois	nbr.card	three (3)	W7
Baltic
Old Prussian:	tris	nbr.card	three (3)	LRC
Lithuanian:	trẽčias, trečià	nbr.ord	third (3rd)	LRC
	trỹs	nbr.card	three (3)	LRC
Latvian:	trī	nbr.card	three (3)	LRC
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	trьe, tri, tri	nbr.card	three (3)	LRC
Russian:	troe	nbr.card	three (3)	W7
Albanian
Albanian:	tre-	nbr.card	three (3)	LRC
Hellenic
Mycenaean:	ti-ri-	nbr.card	three (3)	LRC
Homeric Greek:	τρεῖς	nbr.card	three (3)	LRC
Greek:	tri-	pfx	three	W7
	τριάκοντα	nbr.card	thirty (30)	LRC
	trias	n.fem	triad, group of three	W7
	triglyphos	adj	triglyphic, with 3 parts/carvings	W7
	tridaktylos	adj	with 3 fingers	W7
	tris	adv	thrice	W7
	tritonon	adj.neut	tritone	W7
	τρίτος	nbr.ord	third (3rd)	LRC
Anatolian
Lycian:	tri-	nbr.card	three (3)	LRC
Hittite:	teri-	nbr.card	three (3)	LRC
Armenian
Armenian:	erek'	nbr.card	three (3)	LRC
Iranian
Avestan:	θrayō	nbr.card	three (3)	LRC
Indic
Sanskrit:	tráyas, trī́	nbr.card	three (3)	LRC
	trimūrti	adj	having three forms, re: Trimurti	W7
Tocharian
Tokharian:	trai, tarya	nbr.card	three (3)	LRC
Tocharian A:	trit	nbr.ord	third	LRC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
card	=	cardinal
dep	=	deponent
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
nbr	=	number
neut	=	neuter (gender)
ord	=	ordinal
pfx	=	prefix
prop	=	proper
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
DEO	=	Hermann Vinterberg and C.A. Bodelsen: Dansk-Engelsk Ordbog (1966)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)