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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: tres-, ters-, *teres- 'to quiver, tremble'

Semantic Field: to Shake

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Middle English:	terrible	adj	terrible	W7
	terror	n	terror	W7
English:	deter	vb.trans	to turn aside, prevent/discourage from acting	AHD/W7
	terrible	adj	terrifying, exciting terror	AHD/W7
	terrific	adj	terrible, exciting fear/awe	AHD/W7
	terrify	vb	to fill with terror	W7
	terror	n	state of intense fear	AHD/W7
Italic
Latin:	dēterreo, dēterrēre	vb	to deter, frighten, terrify	W7
	terreo, terrēre, terrui, territus	vb	to terrify, frighten	LRC
	terribilis	adj	terrible	W7
	terrificus	adj	terrific	W7
	terror	n.masc	fear, dread, fright, terror	RPN
Middle French:	terreur	n.fem	terror, fright	W7
	terrible	adj	terrible	W7
Hellenic
Greek:	τρέω	vb	to quiver, tremble, be afraid	RPN
Iranian
Avestan:	tərəs-	vb	to be afraid	RPN
Indic
Sanskrit:	trásati	vb	to quiver, tremble	RPN

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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