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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 3. u̯ei-, u̯eiə- : u̯ī- 'to wish, pursue, go for, reach towards; strong, violent'

Semantic Fields: to Will, Wish; to Pursue; Purpose, Intention; Strong, Mighty, Powerful

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	wāþ	n.fem	pursuit; roving	W7
Middle English:	gayne	n	gain	W7
	rowein	n	rowen	W7
	violaten	vb	to violate	W7
	violent	adj	violent	W7
English:	gain	n	profit, increase	AHD/W7
	invite	vb.trans	to entice, offer incentive/inducement to	AHD/W7
	rowen	n	stubble field left unplowed	AHD/W7
	vim	n	vitality, robust energy/enthusiasm	AHD/W7
	violate	vb.trans	to break, disregard	AHD/W7
	violent	adj	re: extreme force/sudden intense activity	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Dutch:	weide	n	meadow	TLL
Old High German:	weida	n.fem	hunting, fishing	ASD
	weidanōn	vb	to hunt for food	W7
German:	Weide	n	pasture	LRC
N-Germanic
Icelandic:	veiðr	n.fem	hunting, fishing	ASD
Italic
Latin:	invito, invitāre	vb	to invite, incite	W7
	violatus	vb.ptc	violated	W7
	violentus	adj	violent	W7
	violō, violāre	vb	to violate, offend, do violence to	W7
	vīs	n.fem	force, strength, power	W7
Old French:	gaaignier	vb	to till, earn, gain	W7
	regaïn	n.masc	aftermath	W7
Old North French:	rewain	n.masc	rowen	W7
Middle French:	gain	n.masc	gain	W7
	inviter	vb	to invite, incite	W7
	violent	adj	violent	W7
Baltic
Lithuanian:	pavõjus	n.masc	danger	LRC
Latvian:	vieta	n.fem	place	LRC
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	voi	n.masc.pl	troops, army	LRC
Hellenic
Homeric Greek:	ἴς	n.fem	force, strength	LS
Greek:	ἀφίημι	vb	to send forth, throw down, permit, forgive	LRC
	ἵεμαι	vb.dep	to desire	LRC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
dep	=	deponent
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
pl	=	plural (number)
ptc	=	participle
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
LS	=	Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev.
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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