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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon from Pokorny, with an English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principle parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear at the end. All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on corrections may be made and/or more reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 2. u̯(e)id- 'to see, know'

Semantic Fields: to Know; to See

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Welsh:	gwyddom	vb.1.pl	we know	LRC
English
Old English:	ætwītan	vb	to reproach	W7/ASD
	gewis	adv	certain	W7
	gewītan, gewāt, gewiton, gewiten	vb.str.I	to go, depart	LRC
	wīs	adj	wise	W7
	wīsdōm	n.masc	wisdom	W7
	wīse	n.fem	wise; state, condition	W7
	witan, wāt, witon, wiste	vb.ptpr.I	to know, observe	LRC
	wītan, wāt, witon, witen	vb.str.I	to go, depart	W7
	wīte	n.neut	pain, torment, punishment	W7
	wītega	n.masc	wise man, prophet, soothsayer	W7
Middle English:	advice	n	advice	W7
	atwiten	vb	to reproach, upbraid	W7
	envie	n	envy	W7
	evident	adj	evident	W7
	guide	n	guide	W7
	guise	n	guise	W7
	idol	n	idol	W7
	iwis	adv	iwis	W7
	providen	vb	to provide	W7
	prudent	adj	prudent	W7
	purveien	vb	to purvey	W7
	purveu	n	purview	W7
	storie	n	story	W7
	surveyen	vb	to survey	W7
	vewe	n	view	W7
	visage	n	visage	W7
	viser	n	visor, mask	W7
	vision	n	vision	W7
	visiten	vb	to visit	W7
	wis/wys	adj	wise	W7
	wisdom	n	wisdom	W7
	wise	n	wise	W7
	wit	n	wit	W7
	wite	n	wite	W7
	witen	vb	to wit	W7
	wot	vb.sg.1/3	I/he wot(s), know(s)	W7
	woten	vb	to wot	W7
	wysard	n	wizard	W7
English:	advice	n	counsel, recommendation re: decision/course of conduct	AHD/W7
	advise	vb	to counsel, give advice to	AHD/W7
	belvedere	n	structure designed to command view	AHD/W7
	black-a-vised	adj	dark-complexioned	AHD/W7
	clairvoyant	adj	discerning, unusually perceptive	AHD/W7
	eidetic	adj	re: visual images with almost photographic accuracy	AHD/W7
	eidolon	n	phantom, unsubstantial image	AHD/W7
	envy	n	malice	AHD/W7
	evident	adj	clear to vision/understanding	AHD/W7
	guide	n	one who leads/directs another	AHD/W7
	guise	n	costume, form/style of dress	AHD/W7
	guy	n	rope/chain/rod attached as brace/guide	AHD/W7
	Hades	prop.n	god of the underworld, ruler of the dead (Greek mythology)	LRC
	history	n	tale, story	AHD/W7
	idea	n	real pattern of which physical things are imperfect representations	AHD/W7
	ideo-	pfx	idea	AHD/W7
	idol	n	symbol/representation of deity used as object of worship	AHD/W7
	idyll	n	simple descriptive literary work re: peace/contentment	AHD/W7
	improvise	vb	to extemporize, sing/recite/compose on spur of moment	AHD/W7
	interview	n	formal consultation/evaluation	AHD/W7
	invidious	adj	tending to cause envy/discontent/animosity	AHD/W7
	iwis	adv	certainly	AHD/W7
	kaleidoscope	n	instrument for viewing patterns in bits of colored glass	AHD/W7
	polyhistor	n	polymath	AHD/W7
	previse	vb.trans	to foresee	AHD/W7
	provide	vb	to take precautionary measures	AHD/W7
	prudent	adj	wise, foresighted	AHD/W7
	purvey	vb.trans	to supply (e.g. provisions)	AHD/W7
	purview	n	scope/limit/purpose/body of statute	AHD/W7
	review	n	revision	AHD/W7
	revise	vb.trans	to review in order to correct/improve	AHD/W7
	story	n	tale, history	AHD/W7
	supervise	vb.trans	to oversee, superintend	AHD/W7
	survey	vb	to appraise, examine re: value/condition/situation	AHD/W7
	twit	vb.trans	to rally, subject to light reproach/ridicule	AHD/W7
	Veda	prop.n	ancient scripture written in Sanskrit (Hinduism)	LRC
	vide	vb	to see, view	AHD/W7
	view	n	inspection, act of seeing/examining	AHD/W7
	visa	n	passport endorsement	AHD/W7
	visage	n	face/countenance/appearance of person	AHD/W7
	vision	n	something seen in dream/trance/ecstasy	AHD/W7
	visit	vb	to go see	AHD/W7
	visor	n	front piece of helmet	AHD/W7
	vista	n	prospect, view through/along opening/avenue	AHD/W7
	voyeur	n	one obtaining sexual gratification by viewing sex acts/organs	AHD/W7
	wisdom	n	knowledge, accumulated philosophic/scientific learning	AHD/W7
	wise	adj	sage, having wisdom	AHD/W7
	wise	n	way, manner	AHD/W7
	wiseacre	n	smart aleck, one making pretensions to wisdom	AHD/W7
	wit	n	mind, memory	AHD/W7
	wit	vb	to know, learn	AHD/W7
	wite	n	blame, responsibility	AHD/W7
	wizard	n	sage, wise man; sorcerer	W7
British English:	wot	vb	to know	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old High German:	giwisso	adv	certainly	W7
	wīs	n	wise	W7
	wīsa	n	manner	W7
	wīzan	vb	to punish	W7
	wīzi	n	punishment	W7
	wīzzago	n	soothsayer	W7
	wizzan	vb	to know	W7
	wizzi	n	knowledge	W7
Middle Dutch:	wijssegger	n	soothsayer	W7
Dutch:	gei	n	brail	W7
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	veita, veitt	vb	to grant, give; help; pay, yield	LRC
	vita, vissi	vb	to know, understand, be aware of	LRC
	víss	adj	wise, certain	LRC
	víti	n.neut	penalty, punishment, liability	LRC
E-Germanic
Gothic:	inweitan	vb.str.I	to worship	LRC
	*witan	vb.ptpr	to know	LRC
	witan	vb.wk.III	to observe, keep watch	LRC
Italic
Latin:	evidens, evidentis	adj/vb.ptc	evident, obvious	W7
	historia	n.fem	history, tale, inquiry	W7
	idea	n.fem	Platonian ideal	W7
	idyllium	n.neut	idyll	W7
	improvisus	adj	unforeseen	W7
	invideo, invidēre	vb	to envy, look askance at	W7
	invidia	n.fem	envy, jealousy	W7
	invidiosus	adj	envious, invidious	W7
	invidus	adj	envious, looking with the evil eye	W7
	praevisus	vb.ptc	foreseen, expected	W7
	providens, providentis	adj/vb.ptc	provident, foreseeing	W7
	provideo, providēre	vb	to provide, see ahead	W7
	provisus	vb.ptc	foreseen	W7
	prudens, prudentis	adj	prudent	W7
	revideo, revidēre	vb	to see again	W7
	reviso, revisere	vb	to look at again	W7
	revisus	vb.ptc	looked at again	W7
	videns, videntis	adj/vb.ptc	seeing	W7
	videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum	vb	to see, know	LRC
	visa	n.neut.pl	things seen	W7
	visio, visionis	n.fem	sight	W7
	visito, visitāre	vb	to visit	W7
	viso, visāre	vb	to go see	W7
	visus	vb.ptc	seen	W7
Late Latin:	idolum	n.neut	idol	W7
Medieval Latin:	supervideo, supervidēre	vb	to supervise	W7
Italian:	belvedere	n.masc	turret, terrace, belvedere	W7/CID
	improvvisare	vb	to improvise	W7
	improvviso	adj	sudden	W7
	vedere	vb	to see	W7
	vista	n.fem	sight, view	W7
	visto	vb.ptc	seen	W7
Old French:	avis	n.masc	advice, opinion	W7
	aviser	vb	to advise	W7
	envie	n.fem	lust, envy	W7
	estorie	n.fem	story	W7
	idole	n.fem	idol	W7
	veeir	vb	to see	W7
	vis	n.masc	face	W7
	visage	n.masc	face	W7
	visiere	n.fem	visor	W7
	vision	n.fem	sight	W7
	visiter	vb	to visit	W7
	voir	vb	to see	W7
	vue	n.fem	sight	W7
Anglo-French:	viser	n.masc	face	W7
Middle French:	entrevue	n.fem	interview	W7
	evident	adj	evident, obvious	W7
	guide	n.masc	guide	W7
	porveeir	vb	to provide	W7
	prudent	adj	prudent	W7
	revoir	vb	to look over	W7
	revue	n.fem	act of looking over	W7
	surveeir	vb	to look over	W7
	veeir	vb	to see	W7
	veue	n.fem	sight	W7
	voir	vb	to see	W7
	voyeur	n.masc	voyeur, one who sees	W7
	vue	n.fem	sight	W7
French:	clairvoyant	adj	one who foresees	W7
	improviser	vb	to improvise	W7
	réviser	vb	to look at again	W7
	visa	n.masc	visa	W7
	voir	vb	to see	W7
	voyant	vb.ptc	seeing, who sees	W7
	voyeur	n.masc	one who spies on other's private life	W7
Baltic
Old Prussian:	waidimai	vb	to know	LRC
Lithuanian:	išvýsti, išvýsta, išvýdo	vb	to see, witness	LRC
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	viděti, viždǫ, vidiši	vb	to see	LRC
	věděti, věmь, věsi	vb	to see, know	LRC
Hellenic
Greek:	Αἵδης	prop.n.masc	Hades	LRC
	eidētikos	adj	of a form	W7
	eidos	n.neut	form, appearance	W7
	eidyllion	n.neut	idyll	W7
	*εἴδω	vb	to see	LRC
	eidōlon	n.neut	image, portrait	W7
	idea	n.fem	form, nature	W7
	ἰδού	adv	behold	LRC
	ἱστορία	n.fem	history, inquiry	LRC
	histōr	n.masc	historian, inquirer	W7
	istōr	adj	knowing, learned	W7
	-oeidēs	sfx	likeness	W7
	οἶδα	vb	to know	LRC
	polyistōr	adj	very learned	W7
Armenian
Classical Armenian:	gitem	vb	to know	LRC
	gtanem	vb	to find, get, obtain	LRC
Iranian
Avestan:	vaēðe	vb	to know	LRC
Indic
Sanskrit:	veda	n	wisdom, knowledge	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
1	=	1st person
3	=	3rd person
I	=	class 1
III	=	class 3
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pfx	=	prefix
pl	=	plural (number)
prop	=	proper
ptc	=	participle
ptpr	=	preterite-present (verb)
sfx	=	suffix
sg	=	singular (number)
str	=	strong (inflection)
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CID	=	Cassell's Italian Dictionary (1958)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)