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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: u̯ek^u̯- 'to voice, speak, evoke'

Semantic Field: to Speak, Talk

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Middle English:	advocat	n	advocate	W7
	avouson	n	advowson	AHD
	invoken	vb	to invoke	W7
	provoken	vb	to provoke	W7
	revoken	vb	to revoke	W7
	vocacioun	n	vocation	W7
	vocal	adj	vocal	W7
	vochen	vb	to vouch	W7
	voice	n	voice	W7
	vouchen	vb	to vouch	W7
	vowel	n	vowel	W7
English:	advocate	n	one who pleads another's cause	AHD/W7
	advowson	n	right of presentation to vacant benefice	AHD
	avocation	n	distraction, diversion	AHD/W7
	convoke	vb.trans	to call a meeting	AHD/W7
	epic	adj	re: long narrative poem	AHD/W7
	epos	n	epic; disparate poems re: epic theme	AHD/W7
	equivocal	adj	ambiguous, having multiple meanings	AHD/W7
	evoke	vb.trans	to summon, call up/forth	AHD/W7
	invoke	vb.trans	to petition for help/support	AHD/W7
	orthoepy	n	customary pronunciation of language	AHD/W7
	provoke	vb.trans	to stir, arouse	AHD/W7
	revoke	vb	to call/bring back	AHD/W7
	univocal	adj	having one meaning	AHD/W7
	vocable	n	name, term	AHD/W7
	vocal	adj	oral, uttered by voice	AHD/W7
	vocation	n	summons/inclination to particular state/action	AHD/W7
	voice	n	sound produced by vertebrate via lungs/larynx/syrinx	AHD/W7
	voice	vb.trans	to utter, pronounce	W7
	vouch	vb	to summon to court to warrant/defend title	AHD/W7
	vowel	n	speech sound with oral breath channel unblocked/unconstricted	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old High German:	giwahanen	vb	to mention	W7
Italic
Latin:	advocatus	vb.ptc	summoned	W7
	advoco, advocāre	vb	to summon	W7
	avocatio	n.fem	a call	W7
	avocatus	vb.ptc	called	W7
	avoco, avocāre	vb	to call away	W7
	convoco, convocare	vb	to summon, invite	W7
	epicus	adj	epic	W7
	evoco, evocare	vb	to call, summon	W7
	invoco, invocare	vb	to invoke, call in	W7
	provoco, provocare	vb	to provoke, call forth	W7
	revoco, revocāre	vb	to revoke, call back	W7
	vocabulum	n.neut	word, term for something	W7
	vocalis	adj	re: voice	W7
	vocatio, vocationis	n.fem	summons	W7
	vocō, vocāre, vocāvī, vocātum	vb	to call, summon	LRC
	vox, vocis	n.fem	call, voice	LRC
Late Latin:	aequivocus	adj	equivoque, ambiguous	W7
	univocus	adj	univocal	W7
New Latin:	orthoepia	n.fem	orthoepy	W7
Old French:	advocat	n	lawyer, advocate	AHD
	avoeson	n	advowson	AHD
	vois/voiz	n.fem	voice	W7
Middle French:	advocat	n.masc	advocate	W7
	convoquer	vb	to convoke	W7
	invoquer	vb	to invoke	W7
	provoquer	vb	to provoke	W7
	révoquer	vb	to revoke, cancel	W7
	vocable	n.masc	vocable	W7
	vocher	vb	to call, summon	W7
	vouel	n.fem	vowel	W7
French:	évoquer	vb	to evoke, recall	W7
Baltic
Old Prussian:	wackis	n	noise, shouting	LRC
Hellenic
Homeric Greek:	ἐνέπω	vb	to tell, relate	LRC
	ἔπος	n.neut	song, word, speech, saying, epos	LRC
Greek:	ὀρθο-έπεια	n.fem	correctness of diction	LS
Anatolian
Hittite:	wek-	vb	to ask	LRC
Iranian
Avestan:	vacah-	n	word	LRC
Indic
Sanskrit:	vákti	vb	to say	LRC
	vácas-	n	word	LRC
Tocharian
Tocharian B:	wek	n	voice	LRC
Tocharian A:	wak	n	voice	LRC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
ptc	=	participle
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
LS	=	Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev.
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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