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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 8. u̯el- 'to steal; to wound, tear, avulse'

Semantic Fields: to Steal; to Harm, Injure, Damage; to Tear

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	wæl	n.neut	carnage; battlefield	LRC
	wællgrim	adj	fierce, cruel	LRC
	wælsleaht	n.str.masc	carnage, slaughter	LRC
Middle English:	veluet/velvet	n	velvet	W7
English:	avulse	vb.trans	to tear off, forcibly separate	AHD/W7
	berdache	n	transgendered Amerindian	AHD
	convulse	vb.trans	to shake/agitate violently	AHD/W7
	divulsion	n	tearing apart	AHD/W7
	evulsion	n	extraction	AHD/W7
	revulsion	n	withdrawal, strong pulling/drawing away	AHD/W7
	svelte	adj	lithe, slender	AHD/W7
	Valkyrie	prop.n	maiden of Odin: chooses hero to be slain, guides him to Valhalla (Norse mythology)	LRC
	velour	n	fabric resembling velvet	AHD/W7
	velvet	n	fabric with short soft dense pile	AHD/W7
	villus	n	small slender vascular process	AHD/W7
	vulnerable	adj	easily wounded	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Saxon:	wal	n	the slain, the dead	ASD
Old High German:	wal	n	slaughter, casualties	ASD
German:	Walküre	prop.n	Valkyrie, lit. chooser of slain	W7
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	Valkyrie	prop.n	Valkyrie: minor divinity (Norse mythology)	W7
	valr	n.masc	the slain	LRC
Icelandic:	val-kyrja	n.fem	Valkyrie, lit. chooser of slain	ASD
	valr	n	the slain	ASD
E-Germanic
Gothic:	wilwa	n.masc	robber	GED
	wilwan	vb.str	to rob	W7/GED
Italic
Latin:	avello, avellere	vb	to tear off	W7
	convello, convellere	vb	to convulse, pluck up	W7
	convulsus	vb.ptc	destroyed, overthrown	W7
	divello, divellere	vb	to tear apart; distract, separate	W7
	evello, evellere	vb	to pluck out	W7
	evulsio, evulsionis	n.fem	evulsion, act of unrolling	W7
	evulsus	vb.ptc	unrolled	W7
	revello, revellere	vb	to pluck away	W7
	revulsio, revulsionis	n.fem	revulsion, act of tearing away	W7
	revulsus	vb.ptc	torn away	W7
	velleo, vellēre	vb	to pluck	W7
	vello, vellere	vb	to pluck	W7
	vellus	n.neut	fleece	W7
	villosus	adj	shaggy	W7
	villus	adj	shaggy hair	W7
	vulnero, vulnerāre	vb	to wound	W7
	vulnus, vulneris	n.neut	wound	W7
Vulgar Latin:	villutus	adj	shaggy	W7
Late Latin:	vulnerabilis	adj	vulnerable	W7
New Latin:	villus	n.masc	vascular process	W7
Old French:	velous	n.masc	velvet	W7
Middle French:	velour(s)	n.masc	velvet	W7
	velu	adj	shaggy	W7
French:	bardache	n	berdache, catamite	AHD
	svelte	adj	slim, slender	W7
	velours	n.masc	velvet, velour	W7
American French:	berdache	n	berdache	AHD
Italian:	bardascia	n	berdache, catamite	AHD
	svèllere	vb	to pluck out, extirpate	W7
	svèlto	adj	quick; slender	W7
Hellenic
Greek:	οὐλή	n.fem	scar, wound	LS
Iranian
Old Iranian:	*varta-	n	prisoner	AHD
Middle Persian:	vartak	n	prisoner	AHD
Persian:	bardah	n	prisoner	AHD
Avestan:	varəta-	n	prisoner, one seized	AHD

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
prop	=	proper
ptc	=	participle
str	=	strong (inflection)
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
LS	=	Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev.
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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