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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: u̯e-n-g- 'bent'

Semantic Fields: to Bend; Crooked

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	hlēapewince	n.fem	lapwing	W7
	pinewincle	n.fem	periwinkle	W7/ASD
	wancol	adj	wonky	W7
	wencel	n.neut	wench, child	W7
	wince	n.fem	winch	W7
	wincian	vb	to wink	W7
Middle English:	lapwing	n	lapwing	W7
	periwinkle	n	periwinkle	W7
	wankel	adj	wankle	W7
	wenche	n	wench	W7
	wenchel	n	child	W7
	wenchen	vb	to wince, dart about, be impatient	W7
	winche	n	winch, reel, roller	W7
	winken	vb	to wink	W7
English:	gauche	adj	crude, lacking social grace/experience	AHD/W7
	lapwing	n	crested Old World plover	AHD/W7
	periwinkle	n	gastropod mollusk	AHD/W7
	vacillate	vb	to sway, oscillate, fluctuate	LRC
	wankle	adj	wonky	AHD/W7
	wench	n	girl, young woman	AHD/W7
	wince	vb.intrans	to flinch, shrink back involuntarily	AHD/W7
	winch	n	machine/instrument for hauling/pulling	AHD/W7
	wink	vb	to close one eye briefly	AHD/W7
	winkle	n	periwinkle	W7
	wonky	adj	shaky, unstable, unsteady	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Saxon:	wankol	adj	wankle, fickle, uncertain, fluctuating	ASD
Old High German:	wanchal	adj	wankle, slippery, treacherous	ASD
	wankōn	vb	to totter	W7
	winchan/winchen	vb	to wink, blink; waver, stagger	W7/ASD
German:	wankeln	vb	to totter	LRC
	wanken	vb	to waver, falter, stagger	LRC
	winken	vb	to wink, wave, sign, signal	LRC
N-Germanic
Danish:	vincle	n	winkle, snail shell	W7
Italic
Latin:	vacillo, vacillare	vb	to reel, waver, totter, vacillate	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
intrans	=	intransitive
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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