The University of Texas at Austin; College of Liberal Arts

Hans C. Boas, Director :: PCL 5.556, 1 University Station S5490 :: Austin, TX 78712 :: 512-471-4566

Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 3. u̯er- 'to bend, turn, wrap'

Semantic Fields: to Bend; to Turn

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	frith-	pfx	against	LRC
English
Old English:	gewrinclian	vb	to wind, turn	W7
	stǣlwierðe	adj	stalwart, serviceable	W7
	-wrinclian	sfx	wrinkle	W7
Middle English:	pevish	adj	peevish, spiteful	W7
	prose	n	prose	W7
	ribald	n	ribald	W7
	vermin	n	vermin	W7
	worien	vb	to worry	W7
	wrappen	vb	to wrap	W7
	wrigglen	vb	to wriggle	W7
	wrinkle	n	wrinkle	W7
	wrinkled	adj	twisted, winding	W7
	wrist	n	wrist	W7
English:	brusque	adj	markedly short/abrupt, sharp/harsh	AHD/W7
	dextrorse	adj	winding left-to-right (spirally upward) around axis	AHD/W7
	extrorse	adj	facing outward/away from axis of growth	AHD/W7
	gaiter	n	cloth/leather leg covering from instep to ankle/mid-calf/knee	AHD/W7
	introrse	adj	facing inward/toward axis of growth	AHD/W7
	peevish	adj	fretful, querulous in mood/temperament	AHD/W7
	prose	n	ordinary language in speaking/writing	AHD/W7
	retrorse	adj	bent backward/downward	AHD/W7
	rhabdomancy	n	divination by rods/wands	AHD/W7
	rhabdovirus	n	RNA-containing plant/animal virus	AHD
	rhaphide	n	needle-shaped crystal in plant tissue	AHD
	rhombus	n	equilateral parallelogram	AHD/W7
	ribald	n	crude/wanton/offensive person	AHD/W7
	sinistrorse	adj	winding right-to-left (spirally upward) around axis	AHD/W7
	stalwart	adj	stout, sturdy	AHD/W7
	tenorrhaphy	n	surgical suturing of divided tendons	AHD
	verst	n	(ancient) Russian unit of distance (0.6629 miles)	AHD/W7
	worry	vb	to choke, strangle	AHD/W7
	wrap	vb	to cover by winding/folding	AHD/W7
	wriggle	vb	to squirm, move to-and-fro with writhing motion	AHD/W7
	wrinkle	n	crease, small ridge/furrow	AHD/W7
	wrist	n	(region of) joint between hand/arm	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Middle Low German:	wriggeln	vb	to wriggle	W7
Old High German:	rīban	vb	to be ribald/wanton, lit. to twist	W7
Middle High German:	rigel	n	kerchief wound round head	W7
German:	Werst	n.fem	verst	W7
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	urðr	n	fate	W7
Italic
Latin:	annus	n.masc	year	W7
	dextrorsus	adv	toward the right	W7
	introrsus	adj/adv	inward	W7
	prorsus	adv	forward	W7
	prosa	n.fem	prose	W7
	prosus	adj	straightforward, being in prose	W7
	retrorsum	adv	backwards	W7
	rhombus	n.masc	circle, round object	W7
	sinister	adj	on left side, unlucky, inauspicious	W7
	sinistrorsus	adj	toward the left side	W7
	verto, vertere	vb	to turn (round)	LRC
Late Latin:	extrorsus	adv	outward	W7
Medieval Latin:	bruscus	n.masc	butcher's broom	W7
New Latin:	dextrorsus	adj	turning on axis from left to right	W7
	extrorsus	adj	outward, turned away from the axis of growth	W7
	sinistrorsus	adj	toward the left side	W7
Old French:	ribauld/ribaut	n.masc	ribald, rascal	W7
Middle French:	prose	n.fem	prose	W7
French:	brusque	adj	snappy, violent	W7
	guêtre	n.masc	spat, gaiter	W7
	verste	n.fem	verst	W7
Italian:	brusco	adj	sour, sharp, brusque	W7/CID
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	vrŭteti	vb	to turn, roll	LRC
Russian:	vreteno	n	spindle, distaff	LRC
Hellenic
Homeric Greek:	ῥαπτός	adj	sewed, patched	LRC
	ῥάπτω	vb	to sew, stitch, suture	LRC
Greek:	rhaphē	n	suture	AHD
	rhembein	vb	to whirl	W7
	rhoikos	adj	crooked	W7
	rhombos	n.masc	round object	W7
Late Greek:	rhabdomanteia	n.fem	rhabdomancy	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
pfx	=	prefix
sfx	=	suffix
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
CID	=	Cassell's Italian Dictionary (1958)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

Nearby etyma: previous | next