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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon from Pokorny, with an English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principle parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear at the end. All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on corrections may be made and/or more reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 3. u̯er- 'to bend, turn'

Semantic Fields: to Bend; to Turn

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Welsh:	gwerthyd	n	spindle, distaff	LRC
Old Irish:	frith-	pfx	against	LRC
English
Old English:	gewrinclian	vb	to wind	W7
	inweard	adj	inward	W7
	stǣlwierðe	adj	serviceable	W7
	-wards	sfx	-ward	W7
	-weard(es)	sfx	-ward (in some specified direction)	W7
	wearp	n.neut	warp	W7
	weorpan	vb	to throw	W7
	weorþ	adj	worthy	W7
	weorðan	vb	to worth	W7
	wrǣstan	vb	to wrest, bend, twist	W7/ASD
	wrǣstlian	vb	to wrest, twist, bend (freq.)	W7/ASD
	wrang	adj	wrong	W7
	wrencan	vb	to wrench	W7
	-wrinclian	sfx	wrinkle	W7
	wringan	vb	to wring	W7
	wyrd	adj	weird	W7
	wyrgan	vb	to strangle	W7
	wyrm	n	worm	W7
Middle English:	inward	adj	inward	W7
	pevish	adj	peevish, spiteful	W7
	prose	n	prose	W7
	ribald	n	ribald	W7
	stalwart	n	stalwart	W7
	stalworth	n	stalwart	W7
	vermin	n	vermin	W7
	verveine	n	vervain	W7
	-ward(s)	sfx	-ward	W7
	warp	n	warp	W7
	warpen	vb	to warp	W7
	werd	n	weird, fate, destiny	W7
	wird	adj	weird	W7
	worien	vb	to worry	W7
	worm	n	worm	W7
	worth	n	worth	W7
	worthen	vb	to worth	W7
	wranglen	vb	to wrangle	W7
	wrappen	vb	to wrap	W7
	wrasten	vb	to wrest	W7
	wrastlen	vb	to wrestle	W7
	wrenchen	vb	to wrench	W7
	wresten	vb	to wrest	W7
	wrestlen	vb	to wrestle	W7
	wrigglen	vb	to wriggle	W7
	wringen	vb	to wring	W7
	wrinkle	n	wrinkle	W7
	wrinkled	adj	twisted, winding	W7
	wrist	n	wrist	W7
	wrong	adj	wrong	W7
English:	brusque	adj	markedly short/abrupt, sharp/harsh	AHD/W7
	converge	vb	to meet, come together, move/tend toward common point	AHD/W7
	dextrorse	adj	winding left-to-right (spirally upward) around axis	AHD/W7
	diverge	vb	to draw apart, move/extend from common point in different directions	AHD/W7
	extrorse	adj	facing outward/away from axis of growth	AHD/W7
	gaiter	n	cloth/leather leg covering from instep to ankle/mid-calf/knee	AHD/W7
	introrse	adj	facing inward/toward axis of growth	AHD/W7
	inward	adj	inner, situated on inside	AHD/W7
	peevish	adj	fretful, querulous in mood/temperament	AHD/W7
	prose	n	ordinary language in speaking/writing	AHD/W7
	raphe	n	seamlike union of lateral halves of part/organ having external ridge/furrow	AHD/W7
	retrorse	adj	bent backward/downward	AHD/W7
	reverberate	vb	to force back	AHD/W7
	rhabdomancy	n	divination by rods/wands	AHD/W7
	rhombus	n	equilateral parallelogram	AHD/W7
	ribald	n	crude/wanton/offensive person	AHD/W7
	sinistrorse	adj	winding right-to-left (spirally upward) around axis	AHD/W7
	stalwart	adj	stout, sturdy	AHD/W7
	verbena	n	vervain (garden plant)	AHD/W7
	verge	vb.intrans	to sink, incline toward horizon	AHD/W7
	vermeil	n	vermilion	AHD/W7
	vermi-	pfx	worm	AHD/W7
	vermicelli	n	pasta like spaghetti (but smaller in diameter)	AHD/W7
	vermicular	adj	resembling worm in form/motion	AHD/W7
	vermin	n	noxious/mischievous/disgusting small animal(s)	AHD/W7
	verst	n	Russian unit of distance (0.6629 miles)	AHD/W7
	vervain	n	verbena (garden plant)	AHD/W7
	-ward	adj.sfx	that moves/tends/faces/is directed toward	AHD/W7
	-ward(s)	adv.sfx	in (specified) spatial/temporal direction	AHD/W7
	warp	n	yarn extended lengthwise in loom (crossed by woof)	AHD/W7
	warp	vb	to turn/twist out of shape	AHD/W7
	weird	n	fate, destiny	AHD/W7
	worm	n	serpent/reptile (incl. dragon); earthworm	AHD/W7
	worry	vb	to choke, strangle	AHD/W7
	worth	adj	having monetary/material value	AHD/W7
	worth	vb.intrans	to become	AHD/W7
	wrangle	vb	to bicker, dispute angrily/peevishly	AHD/W7
	wrap	vb	to cover by winding/folding	AHD/W7
	wrench	vb	to move with violent twisting	AHD/W7
	wrest	vb.trans	to pull/force/move by violent wringing/twisting	AHD/W7
	wrestle	vb	to contend (with opponent) by grappling/striving to trip/throw down	AHD/W7
	wriggle	vb	to squirm, move to-and-fro with writhing motion	AHD/W7
	wring	vb	to twist/squeeze (esp. to extract liquid/moisture)	AHD/W7
	wrinkle	n	crease, small ridge/furrow	AHD/W7
	wrist	n	(region of) joint between hand/arm	AHD/W7
	wrong	adj	sinful, immoral, not meeting moral standard	AHD/W7
	wrong	n	injury, unfair/unjust act	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old High German:	inwert	adj	inward	W7
	renken	vb	to wrench	W7
	rīban	vb	to be ribald/wanton, lit. to twist	W7
	ringan	vb	to wring, struggle	W7
	warf	n	warp	W7
	-wart/-wert	sfx	-ward	W7
	werd	adj	worth, worthy	W7
	werdan	vb	to worth	W7
	wurgen	vb	to worry	W7
	wurm	n	worm	W7
Middle High German:	rigel	n	kerchief wound round head	W7
German:	Werst	n.fem	verst	W7
Middle Low German:	wriggeln	vb	to wriggle	W7
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	rangr	adj	wrong, awry	W7
	urðr	n	fate	W7
	verpa	vb	to throw	W7
	verþa	vb	to worth	LRC
E-Germanic
Gothic:	waírþan	vb	to worth	LRC
Italic
Latin:	annus	n.masc	year	W7
	dextrorsus	adv	toward the right	W7
	introrsus	adj/adv	inward	W7
	-orsus	sfx	outward	W7
	prorsus	adv	forward	W7
	prosa	n.fem	prose	W7
	prosus	adj	straightforward, being in prose	W7
	retrorsum	adv	backwards	W7
	reverberatus	vb.ptc	reflected, push away	W7
	reverbero, reverberāre	vb	to reverberate, push away	W7
	rhombus	n.masc	circle, round object	W7
	sinister	adj	on left side, unlucky, inauspicious	W7
	sinistrorsus	adj	toward the left side	W7
	verbena	n.fem	verbena; sacred bough, medicinal plant	W7
	verber	n.neut	rod	W7
	verbero, verberāre	vb	to lash	W7
	vergo, vergere	vb	to bend, incline	W7
	vermiculus	n.masc.dim	small worm	W7
	vermis	n.masc	worm	W7
	verto, vertere	vb	to turn (round)	LRC
Late Latin:	extrorsus	adv	outward	W7
	vermi-	pfx	worm	W7
Medieval Latin:	bruscus	n.masc	butcher's broom	W7
	convergō, convergere	vb	to bend/come together	W7
	divergo, divergere	vb	to diverge	W7
New Latin:	dextrorsus	adj	turning on axis from left to right	W7
	extrorsus	adj	outward, turned away from the axis of growth	W7
	sinistrorsus	adj	toward the left side	W7
	verbena	n.fem	vervein, medicinal plant	W7
	vermicularis	adj	vermicular	W7
Italian:	brusco	adj	sour, sharp, brusque	W7/CID
	vèrme	n.masc	worm	W7
	vermicello, vermicelli	n.masc	vermicelli	W7
Old French:	ribauld/ribaut	n.masc	ribald, rascal	W7
Middle French:	prose	n.fem	prose	W7
	vermeil	adj	red	W7
	vermin	n.fem	vermin, worm(s)	W7
	verveine	n.fem	vervain	W7
French:	brusque	adj	snappy, violent	W7
	guêtre	n.masc	gaiter, spat	W7
	verste	n.fem	(ancient) measure used in Russia	W7
Baltic
Lithuanian:	ver̃sti	vb	to turn	LRC
	veržti	vb	to constrict	W7
Latvian:	vērst	vb	to turn	LRC
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	vrŭteti	vb	to turn, roll	LRC
Russian:	vreteno	n	spindle, distaff	LRC
Hellenic
Greek:	rhabdos	n.fem	rod	W7
	rhaptein	vb	to sew	W7
	rhaphē	n.fem	seam	W7
	rhembein	vb	to whirl	W7
	rhiptein	vb	to throw	W7
	rhoikos	adj	crooked	W7
	rhombos	n.masc	round object	W7
Late Greek:	rhabdomanteia	n.fem	rhabdomancy	W7
Iranian
Avestan:	varət-	vb	to turn	LRC
Indic
Sanskrit:	vártate	vb	to roll, turn round	LRC
	vartáyati	vb	to move, set in motion	LRC
Tocharian
Tocharian A:	wärt-	vb	to throw	LRC
Tocharian B:	wrattsai	prep	against	LRC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
dim	=	diminutive
fem	=	feminine (gender)
intrans	=	intransitive
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pfx	=	prefix
prep	=	preposition
ptc	=	participle
sfx	=	suffix
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CID	=	Cassell's Italian Dictionary (1958)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)