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Language Systems Indices

Indo-European Typology Project

Keyword Index

Categories:

• CASE
• CONTENT WORDS
• GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY
• LANGUAGE CHANGE
• LANGUAGE RECONSTRUCTION
• LANGUAGE TYPE
• LANGUAGES
• LEXICON
• LINGUISTIC CONSTRUCTIONS
• LINGUISTIC ITEMS
• METHODS, APPROACHES, AND HYPOTHESES
• MORPHOLOGICAL ITEMS
• MORPHOLOGY
• PARTS OF SPEECH
• SEMANTICS
• SYNTAX

CASE

• active-inactive case opposition
• case
• case [ablative]
• case [ablative] [Armenian]
• case [ablative] [derived from endingless locative]
• case [ablative] [Gothic]
• case [ablative] [Hittite]
• case [ablative] [loss of] [Late Latin]
• case [ablative] [loss of phonetic distinction]
• case [ablative] [of agent]
• case [ablative] [prepositional reinforcement]
• case [ablative] [replacement by nominative or accusative]
• case [ablative] [use as instrumental]
• case [absolutive]
• case [absolutive] [formation of]
• case [absolutive] [restricted]
• case [absolutive] [role assumed by accusative] [Old French]
• case [absolutive] [unmarked]
• case [absolutive vs. ergative]
• case [accusative]
• case [accusative] [Latin]
• case [accusative] [marked] [Indo-European]
• case [accusative] [marker of]
• case [accusative] [prepositional]
• case [accusative] [prepositional] [decrease in use] [Portuguese]
• case [accusative] [prepositional] [origin of]
• case [accusative] [pronominal]
• case [accusative] [unmarked]
• case [active]
• case [active-agentive]
• case [active] [restricted to masculine and femnine]
• case [active vs. inactive]
• case [adnominal]
• case [adverbial]
• case [agent]
• case [agent] [Caucasian languages]
• case [agglutinative]
• case [allative]
• case assignment
• case [categorization of]
• case [choice of]
• case [comitative]
• case [comitative] [independent development of]
• case [concrete]
• case [conservative]
• case [dative]
• case [dative] [function of]
• case [dative] [Germanic] [corresponds to Latin ablative]
• case [dative] [Gothic]
• case [dative] [in combination with gerundive] [Latin]
• case [dative] [independent development of]
• case [dative] [Indo-European]
• case [dative] [Latin]
• case [dative-locative]
• case [dative] [of possession]
• case [dative] [Old Church Slavonic]
• case [dative] [Old English] [syncretism comitative/ablative/locative]
• case [dative] [Old High German]
• case [dative] [pronominal]
• case [differentiation of]
• case [direct]
• case [direct object]
• case [directional]
• case [directional] [Hittite]
• case endings
• case endings [Indo-European]
• case [ergative]
• case [ergative-absolutive]
• case [ergative] [interpretation as instrumental]
• case [ergative] [interpretation as nominative]
• case [ergative] [origin in nominative]
• case [ergative] [origin of]
• case [ergative] [overtly marked]
• case forms [semantic function]
• case forms [syntactic function]
• case [functions]
• case [functions] [loss of]
• case [genitive]
• case [genitive-ablative]
• case [genitive] [absence of]
• case [genitive] [adnominal uses of]
• case [genitive] [based on nominative and accusative]
• case [genitive-dative]
• case [genitive-dative] [Old Iranian languages]
• case [genitive] [functional varieties of]
• case [genitive] [Greek] [syncretism of PIE genitive and ablative]
• case [genitive] [independent development of]
• case [genitive] [Indo-Iranian] [function of]
• case [genitive] [Latin]
• case [genitive] [marker of]
• case [genitive] [Nakh-Dagestanian languages]
• case [genitive] [objective]
• case [genitive] [origin of]
• case [genitive] [paradigmatized]
• case [genitive] [partitive]
• case [genitive] [possessive]
• case [genitive] [Proto-Indo-European]
• case [genitive] [relation with language system]
• case [genitive] [special marker] [suffixed to ergative marker]
• case [genitive] [subject]
• case [goal] [Latin]
• case grammar
• case [grammatical]
• case [history of]
• case [history of] [Latin]
• case [inactive]
• case [indefinite] [use as locative] [Hittite]
• case [indirect]
• case [inessive]
• case inflection
• case [instrumental]
• case [instrumental] [Indo-Iranian] [function of]
• case [local]
• case [locative]
• case [locative] [endingless]
• case [locative] [endingless] [elimination of]
• case [locative] [endingless] [rarity of]
• case [locative] [Hittite]
• case [locative] [independent development of]
• case [locative] [Indo-European]
• case [locative] [Latin]
• case [locative] [pronominal]
• case [locative] [uninflected]
• case [loss of]
• case [marked vs. unmarked]
• case marking
• case marking [accusative]
• case marking [active-agentive]
• case marking [active-neutral]
• case marking [active vs. inactive]
• case marking [constraints of]
• case marking [ergative-absolutive]
• case marking [ergative languages]
• case marking [Hittite]
• case marking [Indo-European]
• case marking [Indo-European] [characteristics of]
• case marking [Indo-European] [degree of markedness]
• case marking [Indo-European] [differentiation of]
• case marking [Indo-European] [interpretation of]
• case marking [Indo-European] [patterns of]
• case marking [Indo-European] [stages of]
• case marking [Indo-European] [thematic vs. athematic]
• case-marking languages
• case marking [morphological]
• case marking [motivation of]
• case marking [neutral]
• case marking [nominal]
• case marking [nominative-accusative]
• case marking [pronominal]
• case marking [split]
• case marking [split-ergative]
• case marking [stative verbs]
• case-marking systems
• case marking [three-way]
• case marking [vs. verbal agreement]
• case marking [zero marking vs. non-zero marking] [Indo-European]
• case morphology
• case [nominal]
• case [nominal] [unmarked]
• case [nominative]
• case [nominative-accusative]
• case [nominative] [Latin]
• case [nominative] [marked]
• case [nominative] [predominance of]
• case [nominative] [unmarked]
• case [nominative] [unmarked] [Indo-European]
• case [nominative vs. accusative]
• case [nominative vs. accusative] [morphological distinction]
• case [nominative vs. active]
• case [non-agentive]
• case [non-syntactic]
• case [O] [marked]
• case [object]
• case [oblique]
• case paradigm
• case [passive]
• case [patient]
• case [strong]
• case [subject]
• case [syncretic]
• case syncretism
• case system
• case system [agent-patient]
• case system [bicasual] [Old French]
• case system [Caucasian languages]
• case system [development of]
• case system [disintegration of]
• case system [early Proto-Indo-European]
• case system [group inflection]
• case system [Indo-European]
• case system [Indo-European] [development of]
• case system [Indo-European] [marking patterns]
• case system [Indo-European] [origins of]
• case system [Indo-European] [restructuring of]
• case system [Lakhota]
• case system [Modern Armenian]
• case system [nominative-accusative]
• case system [Pre-Indo-European]
• case system [Proto-Indo-European]
• case system [semantic basis of]
• case [terminative]
• case [terminative] [Hittite]
• case [unmarked]
• case [vocative]
• case [vocative] [interpretation as old casus indefinitus]
• case [zero]

CONTENT WORDS

• a- vocalism [Hittite]
• ablaut
• accessibility hierarchy
• accretion [of languages]
• Achemenids
• active [vs. stative]
• address [male vs. female]
• adposition
• affirmative
• affix
• affix [patient]
• affix [verbal]
• agent [inanimate] [rarity of]
• agglutination
• agglutination [Indo-European]
• agglutination [Modern Armenian]
• allative
• analogy
• analogy [syntactic]
• analycity
• Anatolia [immigration into]
• animals
• apposition
• Arabs
• Arabs [invasion]
• areal characteristics
• areal consistency
• areal features
• areal influence
• areal isoglosses
• areal relationship
• Armenia
• Armenia [Christianization of]
• Armenia [incorporation into czarist Russia]
• Armenia [poetry]
• Armenia [use of Greek and Syrian languages]
• Asia Minor
• aspect system
• Assyrians
• auxiliary
• basic vocabulary
• Bible [translation of]
• bilingualism
• bilingualism [local]
• binary grammatical oppositions
• biogeography
• bioregion
• bound split [vs. free split]
• Bronze Age
• Caucasian poetry
• Caucasian substratum
• Caucasus [eastern]
• Caucasus [history of]
• Caucasus [languages of]
• Caucasus [link between Europe and Asia]
• Caucasus [southern]
• causality [expression of]
• causative [vs. medio-passive]
• Central Asian linguistic area
• Christianity
• clause [embedded]
• clause [order of]
• clause [relative]
• clause [types of]
• clitic
• coastal adaptation
• cognate
• colonial languages
• colonies [Armenian]
• colonies [Black Sea]
• colonies [Greek]
• colonization
• colonized areas
• color vocabulary
• color vocabulary [Navajo] [vs. English]
• comitative
• completive
• compound
• concrete meaning
• condition [contrary to fact]
• condition [hypothetical]
• conditional
• conditioning [types of]
• congruence system
• conjunctive
• consonant alternation
• consonant [stem final]
• consonantism [basic]
• constituent structure
• constraining principles [human languages]
• constraint [language-specific]
• continents [colonization of]
• continents [linguistically autonomous]
• continuative
• contraction [agent-case transitive]
• contraction [ergative morpheme]
• contraction [nominative morpheme]
• coordination
• copula
• copula [enclitic]
• copula [modal function]
• copula [optional]
• copula [third person singular] [fixed form]
• correlation [between grammatical categories]
• correlation [between structural types and grammatical categories]
• cross-cultural communication
• cross-cultural communication [linguistic barriers to]
• cultural determinants
• culture
• culture [influence from language]
• culture [influence on language]
• culture [Navajo]
• cuneiform [Urartian]
• Dagestan
• Dagestan [southern]
• Dagestan [subjugation by Arabs]
• Dakota
• deep structure
• defectivation
• degree
• deixis
• demotion
• denominative
• deponent
• derivative
• derivative [nominal]
• desiderative
• desiderative [Indo-Iranian]
• dialect-geographical area
• dialects
• dialects [Anatolian]
• dialects [Caucasus]
• dialects [differences] [development of]
• dialects [early] [Indo-European]
• dialects [grouping]
• dialects [India]
• dialects [Indo-European] [expansion of]
• dialects [Indo-European] [grouping of]
• dialects [interrelationship of]
• dialects [interrelationship of] [Indo-European]
• dialects [separation of] [Indo-European]
• diathesis
• diversity [linguistic]
• diversity [linguistic] [net increase of]
• diversity [linguistic] [theory of]
• dual conditioning
• dubitative
• dubitative conditional
• duration [of action/event]
• durative
• durative-iterative
• early Bronze culture
• economy [nomadic]
• economy [urban]
• enclitic [functions of]
• enclitic [possessive]
• enclitic [pronominal]
• enclitic [pronominal] [origin of]
• Eneolithic culture
• equator
• ergative interpretation
• essive
• Ethiopian residual zone
• ethnic interaction
• ethnographic features
• ethnology
• etymology
• exclamative
• expansion [periods of] [Gimbutas]
• extralinguistic factors
• facientive
• factitive
• feature hierarchy
• fientive
• focus
• focus system
• folk epic
• folk poetry
• gender congruence
• genetic density [high]
• genetic density [low]
• genetic distribution [of languages]
• genetic diversity
• genetic stability
• genus commune
• genus commune [accusative inflection] [Indo-European]
• genus commune [derived] [Indo-European]
• genus commune [Hittite] [Luvian]
• genus commune [vs. genus neutrum]
• genus neutrum
• geographic distribution
• geographical constraints
• geographical determinants
• geography
• Georgia
• Georgia [incorporation into czarist Russia]
• gerund [ablative of] [Latin]
• gerund [nominative of] [Latin]
• gerund [status of] [Oscan-Umbrian]
• gerund [substantive variant of verbal noun]
• gerundive [adjectival variant of verbal noun] [Latin]
• gerundive [attributive use]
• gerundive [Latin]
• glaciation [end of]
• global expansion
• grammar [as shaper of ideas]
• grammar [ergative-absolutive]
• grammar [nominative-accusative]
• grammatical description
• grammatical identification
• grammatical patterns
• grammatical person
• grammatical stability
• grammatical system
• heteroclisis [Proto-Indo-European noun]
• heterogeneity
• hierarchy [nominal]
• hierarchy [of functions]
• hierarchy [of language structure]
• high-diversity areas
• historical affinity [between populations]
• historical-comparative linguistics
• history of language
• homeland [Indo-European]
• homeland [location of] [lexical arguments] [Indo-European]
• homeland [location of] [theories] [Indo-European]
• hominid evolution [original center of]
• homogeneity
• horatory
• human expansion [beginning of]
• Huns
• imitative
• implicational hierarchies
• implicational relationships
• inchoative
• Indo-Iranians
• inessive
• infinitive
• infinitive [absence of]
• infinitive [French]
• infinitive [gerundive]
• infinitive [Greek]
• infinitive [Indo-European] [nominal character of]
• infinitive [Latin]
• infinitive [nominalized]
• infinitive [personal]
• infinitive [personal] [increase in use]
• infinitive [personal] [Portuguese]
• infinitive [split of] [Romance languages]
• infinitive [subject of]
• infinitive [transitive]
• influence [cultural] [economic] [political]
• injunctive
• injunctive system
• inscriptions [Celtiberian]
• inscriptions [Gaulish]
• inscriptions [Hibernian Celtic]
• inscriptions [Hispano-Celtic]
• inscriptions [Iranian]
• inscriptions [Old Persian]
• instrumentality
• intentive
• inter-ethnic communication
• interjection
• internal diversity
• internal stability
• intonation pattern
• intonation [syntactic] [two residues]
• intrusive languages
• Iran [northern]
• Iranians
• Islamization
• isogloss
• isogloss [Armenian-Greek]
• isogloss bundle
• isogloss [spread of]
• isomorphism
• iterative
• iterative-intensive
• jussive
• Kurgan culture
• language acquisition
• language and culture
• language and culture [Indo-European]
• language and culture [relationship between]
• language [and human experience]
• language [and relation with rest of culture]
• language and society
• language and thought [relationship between]
• language [influence on culture]
• language interference
• language isolate
• language [non-abstract object]
• language [psychological object]
• language [semantic aspect]
• language [spread of]
• language [structural aspect]
• language succession
• lexical hierarchy
• lexical patterning
• lexical stock
• lexical structure
• lingua franca
• linguistic area
• linguistic characteristics [transmission of]
• linguistic diffusion
• linguistic diffusion [epicenter of]
• linguistic diversity
• linguistic geography
• linguistic history
• linguistic populations [origins of]
• linguistic prehistory
• linguistic relativity
• linguistic residues [syntactic]
• linguistic variation
• linguistics [as a historical science]
• linguistics [history of]
• literary language
• literary language [Christian]
• liturgical language
• loanwords
• loanwords [levels of]
• mainland [vs. island]
• markedness
• markedness [morphology]
• markedness [order of]
• markedness [syntactic]
• Mediterranean
• merger
• merger [vs. split]
• meta-split
• metal industry [early development of]
• Middle Ages
• migrations
• migrations [east-west dynamic]
• migrations [Indo-European]
• migrations [prehistoric]
• modality
• modifier
• modifier [nominal]
• Mongols
• morphology [verbal] [Tagalog]
• morphophonemic variation
• multi-tree situation
• multilingualism
• narrative past
• nasal
• nasalization
• Native American tribes [Avoyelles] [Biloxi] [Choctaw] [Ofo] [Tunica]
• Neolithic Age
• nomina actionis
• nomina agentis
• noun-verb distinction [absence of] [Squamish]
• NP [definite]
• NP split
• NP split [ergative languages]
• NP split [Gorokan languages]
• numeral [cardinal]
• numeral classifiers
• numeral [Mandan]
• numeral [ordinal]
• oral tradition
• Ossetes
• Outer Mongolia
• palatalization
• palatalization [context-induced]
• Paleocaucasian people
• Paleolithic Age
• paradigm [factual]
• paradigm [hypothetical]
• paradigm [nominal]
• paradigm [possessive]
• paradigm [transitive]
• paradigm [verbal]
• paradigm [verbal] [Indo-European]
• participant
• participant [active vs. inactive]
• participant [core]
• participant [inanimate]
• participant [order of]
• partitive
• perfect
• peripheral languages
• Persian expansion
• Persian influence
• personificative
• phonetic erosion
• phonological rules
• plants [nouns referring to]
• pleonasm
• plurality neutralization
• point of origin [historical]
• politeness [passive use]
• polylingualism
• population
• population biology
• population [definition of]
• population genetics
• postfix
• postfix [coordinating]
• postfix [modal]
• postfix [negative]
• postfix [order of]
• postfix [subordinating]
• postfix [tense]
• pragmatics
• predicate
• predicate [Tagalog]
• predicative
• prefix [articular]
• prefix [pronominal]
• preverb
• purpose
• purposive
• quantificative
• quotative
• quotative declarative
• radical [nominative]
• reflexive
• reflexive construction
• reflexive [purposeful]
• relative diversity
• relative homogeneity
• relator
• relatum
• religion
• religion [Navajo]
• residual zone
• rhotacism [Latin]
• role and reference grammar
• Romance linguistics
• Romans
• root
• root [nominal]
• root [pronominal]
• root [verbal]
• root [zero-grade]
• Russian influence
• Russians
• Sahara spread
• sandhi
• scripts [Iberian]
• Scythians
• seasons [names of]
• sedentary agriculture
• seegoing watercraft
• Seleucids [hegemony of]
• Seleucids [Macedonian]
• semantic correlates
• semantic roles
• sentence connective
• settled agriculture
• shape [classification]
• slot-choice
• slot-choice [paradigmatic]
• slot-choice [syntagmatic]
• sociative
• sound symbolism
• Southeast Asia
• Sprachbund
• spread zone
• Standard Average European
• Standard Average European [three-tense verbal system]
• stem
• stem [aorist]
• stem [aspecto-temporal]
• stem [attribute]
• stem [consonant]
• stem [gradation of]
• stem [heteroclitic]
• stem [infix] [personal pronouns]
• stem [intransitive]
• stem [liquid] [Indo-European]
• stem [nasal] [Indo-European]
• stem [nominal]
• stem [nominal] [Indo-European]
• stem [oblique]
• stem [perfect]
• stem [transitive]
• stem [verbal]
• stem [verbal] [active]
• stem [verbal] [classification of]
• stem [verbal] [derivation of] [Indo-European]
• stem [verbal] [Indo-European]
• stem [verbal] [Navajo]
• stem [verbal] [neutral]
• stem [verbal] [reduplication of]
• stem [verbal] [stative]
• stem [vowel]
• stockbreeding
• stratification
• structural affinity
• structural correlations
• structural diversity
• structural features [distribution]
• structural features [governing principles]
• sub-Saharan Africa
• subcontinent
• subpopulation
• substratum
• substratum [Hamito-Semitic]
• substratum [Tibeto-Burman]
• suffix
• suffix [deictic]
• suffix [derivational]
• suffix [gender]
• suffix [gerund]
• suffix [locative]
• suffix [number]
• suffix [purposive]
• suffix [subject]
• suffix [thematic]
• suffix [transitive]
• superstrate
• supine
• supine [adjectivization of]
• supine [origin of]
• syntax [Tagalog]
• syntheticity
• Syria
• tense-aspect split
• terminative
• thematic
• Thracians
• time [division of]
• topicality
• topicalization
• topicalization [object]
• toponomy
• toponomy [Aegean] [pre-Hellenic]
• toponomy [Anatolian]
• trading centers
• translation
• translation [problems of] [implications]
• translative
• tree-merging
• Turkic tribes
• Turkish conquest
• Turkmenistan
• umlaut
• uniformitarianism
• universal characteristics
• universal determinants
• universals
• universals [implicational]
• usitative
• valency
• valency [double]
• Vedas
• verb form [invariable]
• verb form [non-past]
• verb form [passive] [derived]
• verb form [past]
• verb form [periphrastic]
• verb form [polysynthetic]
• verb form [suffixed]
• verb form [unmarked]
• verb [tense system]
• verb [tense system] [three-part] [Standard Average European]
• vernacular
• vowel harmony
• Wackernagel's Law
• word class [syntactic use of]
• world languages
• world languages [areal distribution]
• world languages [genetic distribution]
• world linguistic areas

GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY

• agreement
• agreement [object-verb]
• agreement [participle]
• agreement [positional]
• agreement [subject-verb]
• agreement [verbal]
• agreement [verbal] [accusative]
• agreement [verbal] [ergative]
• Aktivum [vs. Perfektum]
• Aktivus vs. Passivus
• animate [vs. inanimate]
• antipassive
• aorist
• aorist [intransitive]
• aorist [merger with perfect]
• aorist [merger with preterit]
• aorist system
• aorist [transitive]
• aorist [vs. perfect] [Indo-European]
• aspect
• aspect [continuative]
• aspect [habitual]
• aspect [imperfective]
• aspect [lexical]
• aspect [morphological] [absence of] [Hittite]
• aspect [perfective]
• aspect [perfective] [connection with transitivity and possession]
• aspect [perfective vs. imperfective]
• aspect [repetitive]
• aspect [semelfactive]
• aspect [stative]
• aspect system
• aspect [vs. agency]
• aspectual values
• auxiliary
• auxiliary [be]
• auxiliary [derivation of]
• auxiliary [development of]
• auxiliary [have]
• auxiliary [postposed]
• auxiliary [preposed]
• auxiliary [selection of]
• causative
• causative formation [types of]
• causative [null-marked]
• causative [Old Iranian]
• causative [role in transitivity]
• causative [three-place]
• class [category of]
• class [grammatical]
• class [inactive]
• class [nouns]
• class [nouns] [animate]
• comparative
• deponent
• deponent-passive
• diathesis
• diathesis [passive]
• dual
• dual [elliptical]
• gender
• gender [animate vs. inanimate]
• gender [category of]
• gender [common]
• gender [feminine]
• gender [feminine] [collective]
• gender [feminine] [Indo-European]
• gender [German]
• gender [grammatical]
• gender [grammaticalized]
• gender [Hittite]
• gender [Indo-European]
• gender [Indo-European] [development of]
• gender [Indo-European] [dichotomy of]
• gender [Indo-European] [masculine-feminine]
• gender [Indo-European] [neuter]
• gender [masculine]
• gender [masculine] [Indo-European]
• gender [natural]
• gender [neuter]
• gender [neuter] [development of]
• gender [neuter] [ergative inflection]
• gender [neuter] [Hittite]
• gender [neuter] [Indo-European]
• gender [neuter] [theme]
• gender [neutrum vs. genus commune]
• gender [Proto-Indo-European]
• gender system
• gender system [Indo-European]
• gender system [Indo-European] [absence of semantic correlates]
• gender system [reduction of]
• gender system [relative chronology]
• interrogative
• interrogative [addressed to men]
• interrogative [adressed to women]
• interrogative [human]
• modality
• modality [obligation]
• mood
• mood [development of] [Old Celtic]
• mood [imperative]
• mood [imperative] [mild]
• mood [imperative] [negative]
• mood [indicative]
• mood [optative]
• mood [optative] [merger with subjunctive] [Latin]
• mood [subjunctive]
• negation
• negation [existential] [Russian]
• negation [sentential]
• number [agreement] [verb-object]
• number [agreement] [verb-subject]
• number [case inflection]
• number [category of]
• number [category of] [absence of]
• number [dual]
• number [grammatical]
• number [Navajo]
• number [plural]
• number [plural] [collective]
• number [singular-plural distinction] [English]
• number system [three-term]
• perfect
• perfect [absence in Hittite]
• perfect [analytical] [Indo-European]
• perfect [Armenian]
• perfect [change in function]
• perfect [Indo-European]
• perfect [Indo-European] [types of]
• perfect [inflected]
• perfect [old intransitive value]
• perfect [resultative]
• perfect [Slavic]
• perfect [stative]
• perfect [stative] [archaic nature of]
• perfect [with past participle]
• person
• person [category of]
• possession
• possession [alienable]
• possession [alienable vs. inalienable]
• possession [alienable vs. inalienable] [Indo-European]
• possession [category of]
• possession [connection with transitivity and perfect aspect]
• possession [enclitic]
• possession [inalienable]
• possession [inalienable] [categories of]
• possession [inclusive vs. exclusive]
• possession [Indo-Aryan]
• possession [Indo-European]
• possession [Iranian]
• present-aorist system
• preterit
• preterit [merger of perfect and aorist]
• preterit [Old Celtic]
• tense
• tense [absence of]
• tense [future]
• tense [future] [category of] [absence in Indo-European]
• tense [future formations] [Indo-European]
• tense [future] [Romance]
• tense [future] [Romance] [synthetic]
• tense [future] [suppletion] [Old Irish]
• tense [non-future]
• tense [past]
• tense [present]
• tense [present] [south Caucasian]
• tense [vs. aspect]
• voice
• voice [absence of]
• voice [active]
• voice [active vs. medio-passive] [Indo-European]
• voice [active vs. passive]
• voice [active vs. passive] [lexicalized]
• voice [circumstantial] [Malagasy]
• voice [ergative vs. antipassive]
• voice [medio-passive]
• voice [medio-passive] [athematic]
• voice [medio-passive] [Greek]
• voice [medio-passive] [Hittite]
• voice [medio-passive] [transformation into deponent]
• voice [passive]
• voice [passive] [absence of]
• voice [passive] [agentive]
• voice [passive] [agentless]
• voice [passive] [derived]
• voice [passive] [extension of]
• voice [passive] [impersonal] [Old Latin]
• voice [passive] [Indo-European]
• voice [passive] [inflected]
• voice [passive] [morphological] [absence of]
• voice [passive] [obligatory]
• voice [passive] [perfect]
• voice [passive] [role in intransitivization]
• voice [passive] [stative]
• voice [passive] [synthetic]
• voice [passive] [two-tiered]
• voice [passive vs. active]

LANGUAGE CHANGE

• accusative [replaced by genitive] [Indo-European]
• accusative structure [change to]
• accusative system [development into ergative]
• active languages [predecessor of ergative and nominative languages]
• active-stative dichotomy [older than transitive-intransitive]
• adposition [nominal origin of]
• agreement type [change to government type]
• allomorphic change
• analogy
• analycity
• analycity [increase in]
• ancestral type [development away from]
• -anz(a) [creation of] [Hittite]
• -anz(a) [reinterpretation as ablative marker] [Hittite]
• archaic structures
• case [ablative] [derived from endingless locative]
• case [ablative] [use as instrumental]
• case [accusative] [prepositional] [decrease in use] [Portuguese]
• change [ergative-nominative to nominative-accusative]
• change [ergative to nominative]
• change [in transitivity]
• conservatism
• dative [replacement for absent accusative]
• desiderative [change to subjunctive]
• diachronic conservatism
• diachronic developments
• diachronic stability
• differentiation [diathetic]
• differentiation [non-syntagmatic] [transitive/intransitive]
• differentiation [of agent and goal]
• diffusion [linguistic]
• dual [loss of]
• ergative [change to nominative]
• ergative [change to nominative] [southern Caucasian] [present tense]
• ergative construction [change to accusative construction]
• ergative construction [change to nominative construction]
• ergative [origin in instrumental] [Gorokan languages]
• ergativity [Indo-Iranian] [emergence of]
• ergativity [loss of]
• ergativization
• evolution of language
• existential construction [origin in locative]
• extinct languages
• Gaelic [loss of genitivus subjectivus]
• gender [disappearance of]
• gender [disappearance of] [English]
• gender system [Indo-European] [change from two to three genders]
• gender system [reduction of]
• gerund [ablative] [replacement of participles] [Late Latin]
• gerund [origin in gerundive] [Latin]
• gerundive construction [Oscan-Umbrian] [borrowed from Latin]
• gerundive construction [replacement by relative clause]
• gerundive [predicative] [loss of]
• gerundive [Proto-Italic development]
• grammaticalization
• Greek [influence on Latin syntax]
• historically late constructions
• inflection [change to agglutination]
• inherited constructions
• intransitivization
• language change
• language change [contact-induced]
• language change [factors affecting]
• language change [Pre-Indo-European to Proto-Indo-European]
• language change [regularity of]
• language change [speed of]
• language contact
• language contact [Armenian and Iranian]
• language contact [borrowing]
• language development
• language development [stages of]
• language evolution
• language evolution [ergative to accusative] [Indo-European]
• language evolution [stages of]
• laryngeal [loss of]
• left-branching structures [change to right-branching]
• lexical change
• lexicalization
• lexicalization [Caddo]
• linguistic borrowing
• linguistic borrowing [direct]
• linguistic borrowing [idioms]
• linguistic borrowing [lexical items]
• linguistic borrowing [loan-translation]
• linguistic divergence
• linguistic innovation
• linguistic innovation [Anatolian]
• linguistic innovation [cultural]
• linguistic innovation [Hittite]
• linguistic innovation [Indo-European]
• linguistic innovation [morphological]
• linguistic innovation [syntactic]
• linguistic innovation [Tocharian]
• linguistic reanalysis
• linguistic reanalysis [origin of ergativity]
• linguistic residues
• linguistic residues [syntactic]
• mood [subjunctive] [merger with optative] [Latin]
• morphophonemic change
• nominalization
• nominative construction [change to ergative] [Indo-European]
• nominative construction [change to ergative] [Indo-Iranian]
• nominativization
• OV structures [change to VO structures]
• perfect [merger with aorist]
• possessive construction [contamination with *dar] [Iranian languages]
• predicative [extension to participle] [adverb] [verbal noun]
• sound shift
• sound shift [Germanic]
• split-ergativity [origin of]
• split ergativity [tense-aspect split] [diachronic interpretation]
• stative [reanalysis as active]
• tempus primitivum [loss of] [Hittite]
• tense-aspect split [origin of]
• transitive-intransitive dichotomy [more recent than active-stative]
• transitivity [change from intransitivity]
• transitivity [change to intransitivity]
• transitivity [spread of]
• typological change
• valency [change in]
• word order [change of]

LANGUAGE RECONSTRUCTION

• absolute construction [Indo-European] [origin of]
• absolute construction [reconstruction of] [Proto-Indo-European]
• absolute construction [various early Indo-European languages]
• active structure [residues of]
• adposition [nominal origin of]
• archaic structures
• archaic structures [retention of]
• archaisms
• case [accusative] [prepositional] [origin of]
• case [ergative] [origin of]
• case [locative] [Indo-European]
• comparative reconstruction
• comparative reconstruction [vs. internal reconstruction]
• comparison [Indo-European and Afro-Asiatic]
• enclitic [pronominal] [origin of]
• ergative [Anatolian] [origin of]
• ergative [Anatolian] [reconstruction of]
• ergative construction [Indo-Aryan] [origin of]
• ergative construction [origin in ablative]
• ergative construction [origin in nominalized verbs]
• ergative construction [origin in old instrumental]
• ergative construction [origin of]
• ergative [history of]
• ergative languages [origin in accusative languages]
• ergative languages [origin in passive]
• ergative [origin of]
• ergative [passive origin]
• ergativity [origins in reanalysis]
• ergativity [origins of]
• ergativity [Pre-Indo-European]
• ergativity [Proto-Indo-European]
• existential construction [origin in locative]
• family tree
• gender [Indo-European]
• gender [masculine] [Indo-European]
• gender [neuter] [Indo-European]
• gender system [Indo-European] [threefold]
• gender system [two-tiered] [predecessor of]
• genetic distance [between languages]
• genetic lineage
• genetic relationship [between languages]
• genetic stock
• gerund [invariable] [origin of]
• gerundive [origin of] [Latin]
• have [absence of root in Indo-European]
• indigenous linguistic stocks [antiquity of]
• Indo-European
• Indo-European [Anatolian branch]
• Indo-European [branches of]
• Indo-European [break-up of]
• Indo-European [change to nominative-accusative system]
• Indo-European [clause combination]
• Indo-European [dating of tribal settlement]
• Indo-European [dialect groups]
• Indo-European [early] [conjugational system of]
• Indo-European [early stages of]
• Indo-European [ergative stage]
• Indo-European [existential construction]
• Indo-European [expansion of]
• Indo-European [homeland]
• Indo-European [locative construction]
• Indo-European [neuter] [non-distinction of nominative and accusative]
• Indo-European [nominal system]
• Indo-European [nominative] [-s]
• Indo-European [peoples]
• Indo-European [perfect] [origin in verbal adjective]
• Indo-European [perfect] [verbal form denoting state]
• Indo-European [possessive construction]
• Indo-European [religion]
• Indo-European [residual patterns in]
• Indo-European [separation of dialects]
• Indo-European [three gender system]
• Indo-European [verbal system]
• inflection [early Indo-European dialects]
• inflection [Pre-Indo-European] [archaic traits]
• language families
• languages [origins of]
• laryngeal
• laryngeal [Hittite]
• laryngeal [Indo-European]
• linguistic descent
• linguistic reconstruction
• linguistic reconstruction [comparative]
• linguistic reconstruction [factors affecting]
• linguistic reconstruction [internal]
• linguistic reconstruction [morphosyntax]
• linguistic reconstruction [of families] [stocks]
• linguistic reconstruction [old ergative marker]
• linguistic reconstruction [phonological]
• linguistic reconstruction [principles of]
• linguistic reconstruction [Proto-Indo-European]
• linguistic reconstruction [syntactic]
• linguistic reconstruction [typological]
• linguistic residues
• linguistic residues [Anatolian]
• linguistic residues [case marker distribution] [Indo-European]
• linguistic residues [case-marking patterns]
• linguistic residues [Celtiberian syntax]
• linguistic residues [ergative marker]
• linguistic residues [gender]
• linguistic residues [gender] [Indo-European]
• linguistic residues [heteroclisis] [Indo-European]
• linguistic residues [Hittite]
• linguistic residues [identification of]
• linguistic residues [Indo-European]
• linguistic residues [infixation] [Indo-European]
• linguistic residues [registers]
• linguistic residues [syntactic]
• linguistic residues [Tocharian]
• linguistic residues [vs. innovations]
• macro-group
• -nd- [Latin] [origin of]
• NP split [origin of]
• participle [ablative] [origin in Italic]
• participle [past] [origin in verbal adjectives]
• participle [present] [Indo-European]
• per- [ancestor of endingless locative]
• perfect [Proto-Indo-European]
• perfect [Proto-Indo-European] [interpretations of]
• phonological system [Proto-Indo-European]
• phonological system [Proto-Indo-European] [early stages]
• phylum
• possessive construction [origin in locative]
• Pre-Celtic
• Pre-Germanic
• Pre-Indo-European
• Pre-Indo-European [active stage]
• Pre-Indo-European [ergative stage]
• Pre-Indo-European [phonology]
• Pre-Indo-European [syntax]
• Pre-Indo-European [vs. Pre-Afro-Asiatic] [common genealogical origin]
• Pre-Indo-European [vs. Pre-Afro-Asiatic] [language contact]
• Proto-Afro-Asiatic
• Proto-Armenian
• Proto-Carib
• Proto-Caucasian
• Proto-Celtic
• Proto-Celtic [syntax]
• Proto-Germanic
• Proto-Greek
• Proto-Indo-European
• Proto-Indo-European [culture]
• Proto-Indo-European [early stages of]
• Proto-Indo-European [early stages of] [ergativity]
• Proto-Indo-European [monogenetic vs. polygenetic hypothesis]
• Proto-Indo-European [nominal system]
• Proto-Indo-European [phonemic system]
• Proto-Indo-European [reconstruction of]
• Proto-Indo-European [reconstruction of stages]
• Proto-Indo-European [separation of daughter languages]
• Proto-Indo-European [SOV]
• Proto-Indo-European [stative-active language]
• Proto-Indo-Hittite
• Proto-Indo-Iranian
• Proto-Iroquoian
• Proto-Italic
• Proto-Kartvelian
• Proto-Polynesian
• Proto-Siouan-Caddoan-Iroquoian
• Proto-Tibeto-Burman
• Proto-Turkic
• protolanguage
• protolanguage [reconstruction of]
• reconstructed languages [Pre-Indo-European]
• split-ergativity [origin of]
• subgrouping
• superstock
• supine [origin of]
• tense-aspect split [origin of]
• tense [origin in aspect system]
• time depth
• verb structure [archaic]
• voice system [Indo-European]
• -z(a) [etymology of] [Hittite]

LANGUAGE TYPE

• absolutive-ergative patterning
• accusative-ergative-active trichotomy
• accusative-ergative split
• accusative languages
• accusative languages [development from ergative]
• accusative languages [passive derivation]
• accusative languages [same treatment of A and O]
• accusative languages [vs. ergative languages]
• accusative structure
• accusative system
• accusative system [vs. ergative system]
• accusativity
• active characteristics
• active-inactive distinction
• active languages
• active languages [basic characteristics]
• active languages [binary characteristics]
• active languages [morphology of]
• active languages [predicate]
• active languages [subject]
• active languages [vs. stative languages]
• active-stative dichotomy
• active structure
• active system
• active typology
• active typology [characteristics of]
• agglutinating languages
• agglutinative type
• agreement languages