PHL 301 Practice Final Exam Mandatory Portion This is too short, but, in the interest of getting on the web now: Quotations Aristotle Plato Locke Hume Kant 1. . . . although they make use of the visible forms and reason about them, they are thinking not of these, but of the ideals which they resemble; not of the figures which they draw, but of the absolute square and the absolute diameter, and so on. . . . 2. . . . we only know in things a priori that which we ourselves place in them. 3. ... all empirical knowledge of objects would necessarily conform to such concepts, because only as thus presupposing them is anything possible as an object of experience. 4. ... in the world of knowledge the idea of good appears last of all, and is seen only with great effort. 5. ... there are many senses in which a thing is said to be, but all refer to one starting-point; some things are said to be because they are substances, others because they are affections of substance.... 6. Before objects, are given to me, that is, a priori, I must presuppose in myself laws of the understanding which are expressed in concepts a priori. To these concepts, then, all the objects of experience must necessarily conform. 7. For sensation is surely not the sensation of itself, but there is something beyond the sensation, which must be prior to the sensation. . . . 8. For, if the ideas be not innate, there was a time when the mind was without those principles; and then they will not be innate, but be derived from some other original. 9. All the disputes concerning the identity of connected objects are merely verbal, except so far as the relation of parts -gives rise to some fiction or imaginary principle of union.... 10. Let us then make the experiment whether we may not be more successful in metaphysics, if we assume that the objects must conform to our knowledge. 11. 'Tis a common observation, that the mind has a great propensity to spread itself on external objects, and to conjoin with them any internal impressions, which they occasion, and which always make their appearance at the same time that these objects discover themselves to the senses. 12. Our observation employed either, about external sensible objects, or about the internal operations of our minds perceived and reflected on by ourselves, is that which supplies our understandings with all the materials of thinking. 13. The most distinctive mark of substance appears to be that, while remaining numerically one and the same, it is capable of admitting contrary qualities. 14. These I call original or primary qualities of body, which I think we may observe to produce simple ideas in us, viz. solidity, extension, figure, motion or rest, and number. 15. The mind is a kind of theatre, where several perceptions successively make their appearance; pass, re-pass, glide away, and mingle in an infinite variety of postures and situations. 16. Aristotle, in saying that "to say of what is that it is, and of what is not that it is not, is true," articulates a. the liar paradox b. relativism c. the correspondence theory of truth d. the coherence theory of truth e. the pragmatist theory of truth 17. You can think the same thought today that I thought yesterday, Plato says, by a. abstracting from the same perceptions b. abstracting from similar perceptions c. attending to the same forms d. picturing the same situation e. extrasensory perception 18. The chief problem facing Plato's theory of forms is a. how we can know about them b. how things can participate in them c. how they can relate to each other d. how God could have created them e. how we can perceive objects 19. Kant effects his Copernican revolution to explain a. analytic knowledge b. synthetic knowledge c. a posteriori knowledge d. synthetic a priori knowledge e. synthetic a posteriori knowledge 20. Kant is a skeptic about the possibility of knowledge of a. a priori truths b. a posteriori truths c. synthetic a priori truths d. truths beyond the bounds of the categories e. truths beyond the bounds of experience 21. Primary qualities a. are inseparable from bodies b. are possessed by atoms c. resemble the ideas they produce in us d. determine secondary qualities e. all of the above 22. Locke identifies the real essence of an object with its a. primary qualities b. secondary qualities c. nominal essence d. internal constitution e. concept 23. Berkeley attacks the distinction between primary and secondary qualities on the ground that a. we perceive nothing but our own ideas b. the idea of resemblance of an idea to a thing makes no sense c. perceptions of primary qualities vary d. to be is to be perceived e. all of the above 24. According to Kant, the categories do NOT apply to a. appearances b. objects of experience c. phenomena d. noumena e. space and time 25. Borges argues for realism on the ground that a. it's the simplest explanation of our experiences b. we cannot perceive abstract objects c. there are no synthetic a priori truths d. we perceive things-in-themselves directly e. all of the above 26. American realists have tended to hold that we can know things-in-themselves or real essences through a. experience b. reflection c. sensation d. natural science e. mathematics 27. We can know the forms, Plato says, because a. our souls were united with them before we were born b. the form of the Good illumines them c. God illumines them d. we abstract them from experience e. a and b 28. Color qualities of objects are a. simple b. complex c. primary d. secondary e. essential 29. Having atomic number 92, on Locke's theory, is uranium's a. primary quality b. secondary quality c. nominal essence d. real essence e. all of the above 30. Who would say that universals are real and mind-independent? a. realists b. idealists c. skeptics d. internalists e. externalists