ABBREVIATIONS

Some common abbreviations in German, and their English equivalents:


a.a.O. = am angeführten Ort = loc. cit., in the cited location
Abb. = Abbildung = illustration, fig.
Abk. = Abkürzung = abbreviation
Abs. = Absatz = paragraph
A.D. = Anno Domini = C.E.
a.D. = außer Dienst = retired; an der Donau = on the Danube River
Adr. = Adresse = address
a.M. = am Main = on the Main River
amtl. = amtlich = official
Anf. = Anfang = beginning
Angest. = Angestellte(r) = employee
Anm. = Anmerkung = note
Aufl. = Auflage = edition
ausschl. = ausschließlich = exclusive(ly), excluding

b. = bei = at, with
Bd. = Band = volume
Bde. = Bände = volumes
bes. = besonders = especially
betr. = betreffend, betrifft = concerning, regarding
Bez. = Bezirk = district
bez. = bezahlt = paid; bezüglich = with reference to
b.w. = bitte wenden = please turn over
bzgl. = bezüglich = with reference to
bzw. = beziehungsweise = respectively

cand. = Kandidat = candidate
cbm = Kublikmeter = cubic meter
cent. = centium = hundred

D = D-Zug = express train
d.A. = der Ältere = the elder
DB = Deutsche Bundesbahn = federal railroad; Deutsche Bundesbank = federal bank
DDR = Deutsche Demokratische Republik = German Democratic Republic (former East Germany)
dergl. = dergleichen = the like
Dez. = Dezember = December
d.Gr. = der Große = the great
d.h. = das heißt = that is, i.e.
d.i. = das ist = that is, i.e.
DIN = Deutsche Industrie-Norm = German Industrial Standard
Dipl. = Diplom = Diploma
Dipl.-Kfm. = Diplomkaufmann = holds commerce degree
Dipl.-Ing. = Diplomingenieur = holds engineering degree
d.J. = dieses Jahres = of this year; der Jüngere = the younger
DM = deutsche Mark = currency unit
d.M. = dieses Monats = this month; dieses Moments = this instant
d.O. = der/die/das Obige = the above-mentioned
Doz. = Dozent = university lecturer
dpa = Deutsche Presse Agentur = German Press Agency
Dpf. = deutsche Pfennig = currency (100 Dpf = 1 DM)
Dr. = Doktor = Doctor
-jur. = Doktor der Rechte = Doctor of Laws (LLD)
-med. = Doktor der Medizin = Doctor of Medicine (MD)
-phil. = Doktor der Philosophie = Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
-theo. = Doktor der Theologie = Doctor of Divinity (DD)
dt(sch). = deutsch = German
Dtschld. = Deutschland = Germany
Dtzt. = Dutzend = dozen
d.U. = der/die Unterzeichnete = the undersigned
d.Verf. = der Verfasser = the author
dz. = derzeit = at present

ebd. = ebenda = in the same place (ibid.)
ehem., ehm. = ehemals = formerly; ehemalig = former
eig., eigtl. = eigentlich = really, strictly speaking
einschl. = einschließlich = inclusive, including
Einw. = Einwohner = inhabitants
entspr. = entsprechend = corresponding
entw. = entweder = either; entwickelt = developed
erstkl. = erstklassig = first-class
erg. = ergänze = supply, add
ETH = Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule = technical university or college in Switzerland
ev. = evangelisch = Lutheran
evtl. = eventuell = probably, perhaps
exkl. = exklusive = except(ed), not included
Expl. = Exemplar = sample, copy

f. = folgende (Seite) = following (page); ff. = following pages
Fa. = Firma = firm
Fak. = Facultät - faculty
Fam. = Familie = family
Febr. = Februar
Fig. = Figur = figure
fig. = figurlich = figurative
FKK = Freikörperkultur = nudism
fortl. = fortlaufend = running, successive
Forts. = Fortsetung = continuation
Fr. = Frau = Mrs.
fr. = frei = free
frdl. = freundlich = kind
Frhr. = Freiherr = Baron
frl. = Fräulein = Miss
frz. = französisch = French
FU = Freie Universität Berlin
Fu = Funk = radio

gar. = garantiert = guaranteed
Geb. = Gebühr = charge, fee; Gebäude = building
geb. = geboren = born; geborene = née; gebunden = bound
Gebr. = Gebrüder = brothers
gefl. = gefällig(st) = kind(ly), if you please
gegr. = gegründet = founded
gek. = gekürzt = abbreviated
gem. = gemäß = according to; gemischt = mixed
Gem. = Gemeinde = comunity, local authority
Gen. = Genossenschaft = cooperatie society
Gepr. = geprüft = tested
Ges. = Gesellschaft; Gesetz = law
gesch. = geschieden = divorced
ges. gesch. = gesetzlich geschützt = registered, protected by law
geschl. = geschloßen = closed, private
Geschw. = Geschwister = brothers and sisters; Geschwindigkeit = speed
gest. = gestorben = deceased
gew. = gewisser = certain; gewöhnlich = usual(ly)
gez. = gezeichnet = (in front of signatures) signed
GG = Grundgesetz = Basic Constitutional Law
ggez. = gegengezeichnet = countersigned
ggf. = gegebenenfalls = if necessary, if the occasion arises
GmbH - Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung = private limited company
gr. = gratis
gzj. = ganzjährig = all-year, year-round

h = Stunde = hour
habil. = habilitiert = of university degree
haupts. = hauptsächlich = principally, mainly
Hbf. = Hauptbahnhof = main station
Hbg. = Hamburg
Hdb. = Handbuch = handbook, manual
Hdt. = Hundert = hundred
herg. = hergestellt = made, produced
Hj. = Halbjahr - half-year, semester
Hl. = Heilige(r) = saint
hl. = heilig = holy, sainted
Hln. = Halbleinenband = half-cloth bound volume
höfl. = höflich = kindly
Hpst. = Hauptstadt = capital
Hr., Hrn. = Herr(n) = Mr.
Hrsg. = Herausgeber = editor
hrsg. = herausgegeben = edited

i. = in, im = in
i.A. = im Auftrag von = for, by order of, under the instruction of
i.allg. = im allgemeinen = in general
i.B. = im Bau = under construction
i.b. = im besonderen = in particular
i.D. = im Durchschnitt = on an average
id. = identisch = identical
i.g. = im ganzen = on the whole
i.J. = im Jahre = in the year
i.L. = im Liquidation
inbegr. = inbegriffend = included
Ing. = Ingenieur = engineer
inh. = Inhaber = proprietor; Inhalt = contents
inkl. = inklusiv, einschließlich = inclusive(ly), including
insb. = insbesondere = in particular
insg. = insgesamt = altogether
Int. = intendant = director
inzw. = inzwischen = meanwhile, in the meantime
i.S. = im Sinne (von) = in the meaning/the sense (of); in Sachen = in re, in the matter of
i.V. = in Vertretung = by proxy, on behalf of; im Vorjahr = in the previous year; in Vorbereitung - in preparation
i.W. = in Worten = in words
i.w.S. = im weiteren Sinne = in a broad sense

Jan. = Januar = January
Jb. = Jahrbuch = annual
jew. = jeweils = at a time
Jg. = Jahrgang = age group, volume; Jugend = youth
Jh. = Jahrhundert = century
jhrl = jährlich = annual

Kal. = Kalender = calendar
Kap. = Kapitel = chapter
kart. = kartoniert = bound in boards
Kat. = Kategorie = category
kath. = katholisch = Catholic
Kfm. = Kaufmann = merchant
Kfz. = Kraftfahrzeug = motor vehicle
k.J. = kommenden Jahres = of next year
Kl. = Classe = class
komb. = kombiniert = combined
Konf. = Konfession = religious denomination
konst. = konstant = constant
konv. = konventionell = conventional
KP = Kommunistische Partei = communist party
Kr(s) = Kreis = district
Kto. = Konto = account
KW = Kurzwelle = short wave
KZ = Konzentrationslager = concentration camp

led. = ledig = unmarried
Lekt. = Lektion = lesson
lfd. = laufend = current, running
lfd. Jr = laufenden Jahres = of the current year
lfd. Ms. = laufenden Monats = of the current month
lfd. Nr. =laufende Nummer = current number
Lfg., Lfrg. = Lieferung = delivery, installment
Lkw. = Lastkraftwagen = truck
Ln. = Leinen(einband) = cloth binding
Lok = Lokomotiv
lt. = laut = according to
ltd. = leitend = managing
Ltg. = Leitung = direction, management
luth. = lutherisch = Lutheran
LW = Langewelle = long wave

M = Mark
M.A. = Mittelalter = middle ages
ma. = mittelalterlich = medieval
m.a.W. = mit anderen Worten = in other words
max = maximal
m.b.H. = mit beschränkter Haftung = with limited liability
m.E. = meines Erachtens = in my opinion
mehrf. = mehrfach = multiple
Mehrw.St. -=Mehrwertsteuer = value-added tax
Meth. = Methode = method
MEZ = mitteleuropäische Zeit = Central European Time
mind. = minderjährig = minor; mindestens = at least
möbl. = möbliert = furnished
m.W. = meines Wissens = as far as I know

N = Norden = north
Nachdr. = Nachdrück = reprint
Nachf. = Nachfolger = successor
nachm. = nachmittages = in the afternoon
Nachtr. = Nachtrag = appendix, supplement
nat. = national
naturw. = naturwissenschaftlich = scientific
n.Br. = nördlicher Breite = of northern latitude
n.Chr. = nach Christus = A.D., C.E.
n.J. = nächsten Jahres = of next year
n.M. = nächsten Monats = of next month
NN = Normalnull = sea level
Nov. = November
Nr. = Nummber = number
NS = Nachschrift = postscript
N.T. = Neues Testament

o. = oben = above; oder = or; ohne = without
ö.A. = öffentliche Anstalt = public institution
o.B. = ohne Befund (med.) = no appreciable disease
obh. = oberhalb = above
od. = oder = or
OEZ = Osteuropäische Zeit = Eastern European Time
öff. = öffentlich = public
offiz. = offiziell = official
o.J. = ohne Jahr = no date
Okt. = Oktober = October
ö.L. = östlicher Länge = of eastern longitude
o.Prof. = ordentlicher Professor = (ordinary) professor
organ. = organisch = organic
Orig. = Original
orth. = orthodox

p.A. = per Adresse = care of
Part. = parterre = group floow; Particip = participle
pat. = patentiert = patented
Pf. = Pfennig = German coin
Pkt. = Punkt = point
PKW/Pkw = Personenkraftwagen = car
Pl. = Platz = square, place
pl., Pl. = Plural = plural
pol. = politisch = political; polizeilich = police
pop. = populär = popular
Pos. = position, post
Postf. = Postfach = post-office box
P.P. = to whom it may concern
p.p., p.pa. = per proxy
Priv.-Doz. = Privatdozent = (unsalaried) private lecturer
Prof. = Professor
prom. = promoviert = graduated
PS = Pferdestärke(n) = horse power; postscript

qm = Quadratmeter = square meter

r. = rechts = on the right
rd. = rund = roughly, in round figures
Red. = Redakteur = editor; Redaktion = editorial staff, editor's office
Reg. = Regierung = government, administration; Regisseur = stage manager
Rel. = Religion
resp. = respektive = respectively
RHh. = Rechnungshalbjahr = half of the financial year
RIAS = Rundfunk im amerikanischen Sektor (von Berlin) = Radio in the American Sector of Berlin
rm. = Raummeter = cubic meter
röm. = römisch = Roman

S = Süden = south
S. Seite = page
s. = siehe auch = see also, v.
s.a. = siehe auch = see also, v.
SB= Selbstbedienung = self-service
SBB= Schweizerische Bundesbahnen = Swiss Federal Railways
s.Br. = südlicher Breite = of southern latitude
s.d. = siehe dies = see this
SED = Sozialistische Einheitspartei = United Socialist Party of Germany (GDR)
Sek. = Sekunde = second
selbst. = selbstständig = independent
sen. = senior, der Ältere = senior
Sept. = September
Ser. = Series
s.o. = siehe oben = see above
sog. = sogenannt = so-called
soz. = sozial(istisch) = social(ist)
spez. = speziell = special; spezifisch = specific
SS = Sommersemester = summer term
StAng. = Staatsangehörige(r) = citizen; Staatsangehörigkeit = nationality, citizenship
St., Stde. = Stunde = hour
stdl. = stündlich = hourly
stellv. = stellvertretend = assistant
StGB = Strafgesetzbuch = Penal Code
DtKl = Steuerklasse = tax bracket
Str. = Straße = street
stud. = studiosis = student
svw = sovielwie = as much as
s.Z. = seinerzeit = at that time

tägl. = täglich = daily, per day
TEE = Trans-Europ-Express train
Teilh. = Teilhaber = partner
Teilz. = Teilzahlung = part-payment; Teilzeit = part-time
tg = Tangens = tangent
TH = Technische Hochschule = technical university or college
Tsd. = Tausend = thousand
TU = Technische Universität = technical university
TV = Turnverein = gymnastics club

u. = und = and
u.a. = und ander(s) = and other(s); unter anderem or anderen = among other things, inter alia
u.ä. = und ähnliche(s) = and the like
U.A.w.g. = Um Antwort wird gebeten = RSVP
übl. = üblich = usual
u.dgl. = und desgleichen = and the like (can be feminine and plural, as well)
u.D.Ltg. = unter der Leitung von = under the direction of
u.d.M. = unter dem Meeresspiegel = below sea level; ü.d.M. = über .. . = above sea level
UdSSR = Union der Sozialistischen Sowjetrepubliken
u.d.T. = unter dem Titel = under the title of
u.E. = unseres Erachtens = in or opinion
u.f., u.ff. = und folgende = and the following
UKW = Ultrakurzwelle = ultra short wave
ult. = ultimo = on the last day of the month
U/min. = Umdrehungen in der Minute = revolutions per minute
Univ. = Universität = university
univ. = universal
unverk. = unverkäuflich = not for sale
urspr. = ursprünglich = original(ly)
US(A) = Vereinigte Staaten (von Amerika)
usf. = und so fort = and so forth
usw. = und so weiter = and so on, etc.
u.U. = unter Umständen = circumstances permitting
u.ü.V. = unter üblichen Vorbehalt = with the usual reservations
u.v.a.(m.) = und viele(s) andere mehr = and many others more
u.W. = unseres Wissens = as far as we know
u.zw. = und zwar = that is, namely

v. = von = of, from, by
var. = variabel = variable
v.A.w. = von Amts wegen = ex officio, officilly
VEB = Volkseigener Betrieb = People's Enterprise (GDR)
Verbr.Pr. = Verbraucherpreis = consumer price
Verf., Vf. = Verfasser = author
verh. = verheiratet = married
Verl. = Verlag = publishing firm; Verleger = publisher
verl. = verlängert = prolonged, extended
Verm. = note; Vermögen = property
versch. = verschieden = different
verst. = verstorben = deceased
vgl. = vergleiche = compare, cf.
v.g.u. = vorgelesen, genehmigt, unterschrieben = read, confirmed, signed
v.H. = von Hundert = per cent
v.J. = vorigen Jahres = of last year
v.M. = vorigen Monats = of last month
v.o. = von oben
Vollm. = Vollmacht = authority, full power
vollst. = vollstUandig = complete
vorl. = vorläufig = provisional
vorm. = vormittage = in the morning, AM; vormals = formerly
Vors. = Vorsitzender = chairman
v.R.w. = von Rechts wegen = de jure, by operation of law
v.T. = von Tausend = per thousand
v.u. = von unten = from below

WE = Wärmeeinheit = thermal unit
WEZ = Westeuropäische Zeit = Western European Time (Greenwich Mean Time)
Whg. = Wohnung = apartment
Wkst. = Werkstatt = workshop
w.L. = westlicher Länge = of western longitude
w.o. = wie oben = as above mentioned
WS = Wintersemester = winter term
Wwe. = Witwe = widow
Wwr. = Witwer = widower
Wz. = Warenzeichen = registered trademark

Z. = Zahl = number; Zeile = line
z. = zu, zum, zur = at, to
z.A. = zur Ansicht = for approval, for inspection
z.B. = zum Beispiel = for instance, e.g.
zck = zurück = back, returned
z.d.A. = zu den Akten = to be filed
zfr. = zollfrei = duty-free
zgl. = zugleich = at the same time
z.H(d). = zu Händen = attention of, to be delivered to, care of
Zi. = Zimmer = room
Ziff. = Ziffer = figure
z.K. = zur Kenntnisnahme = for information, FYI
z.S. = zur Sache = to the subject; zur See = of the navy
z.T. = zum Teil = partly
Ztg. = Zeitung = newspaper
Ztr = Zentner = hundredweight
Ztschr. = Zeitschrift = periodical
Zub. = Zubehör = accessories
zuf. = zufolge = as a result ot, due to
zus. = zusammen = together
zw. = zwischen = between, among
z.Wv. = zur Wiedervorlage = for renewed submission
z.w.V. - zur weiteren Veranlassung = for further action
z.Z(t). = zur Zeit = at this time, at present, for the time being