Fourth Century

Fall of Athens, 405/4

First 2/3 of 4th C. called "late-" or "post-classical"

Last 1/3 begins "Hellenistic," life of Alexander & successors.

After 301 BCE, consolidation and developments within kingdoms

Cities & independent states; islands -- Rhodes, Cyprus, Samothrace

Macedonia; Pella, Olynthos, Vergina. Antigonids

Egypt; Syrio-Phoenicia; Alexandria, Sciatbi, Memphis. Ptolemies.

Asia Minor, Mesopotamia, Syria; Magnesia, Ephesos, Priene, Miletos, Lagina, Xanthos, Palmyra, Antioch on the Orontes. Seleukids. Pergamon: Attalids.

Magna Graecia and Sicily; East to India.

399 Socrates  executed

395-386 Corinthian War: Sparta vs. Boeotia, Corinth, Argos, Athen

390 Gauls sack Rome

387 Plato founds Academy

386 Peace of Antalcidas: Persia imposes peace on Greece

ca. 380 Nereid Monument, Xanthos

371 Thebes defeats Sparta at Leuktra; again 362 at Mantine

367 Plato to Dionysios II, Syracuse; again 361

360s Antisthenes founds Cynics; succeeded by Diogenes. Athens expansionist

375-335 (ca.) Praxiteles of Athens sculptor: Hermes, Aphrodite of Knidos

375-330 (ca.) Skopas of Paros sculptor: Temple of Athena Alea at Tegea

365-310 (ca.) Lysippos of Sikyon sculptor: Apoxyomenos, portraits of Alexander

359 Philip II king of Macedonia; expansion

357-55 Social war -- Athens & confederacy

353 Death of Maussolos; begin construction of Maussoleion at Halikarnassos

350s Orators:   Demosthenes -- and Aischines begin; Isocrates writes Philippus ca. 346

348 Philip ends "Sacred War"

343-2 Aristotle to Alexander, Macedonia

338 Battle of Chaeronea -- Philip defeats Athens & Thebes, end of independent poleis, Athenian empire and democracy

338 Lykourgos begins building program in Athens; Theater of Dionysos

336 Alexander succeeds Philip

335 Aristotle founds Lyceum (Peripatetic),

335 Alexander -- sacks Thebes -- more about Alexander

335 Alexander takes up war vs. Persia, Darius III -- defeats Darius at Issus 333 332 to Egypt 331 Mesopotamia and onward 327 Marriage to Baktrian princess Roxanne, on to India -- see animated map 326 conquest of Punjab, to Indian Ocean 325-4 Gedrosian Desert disaster 323 Death of Alexander at Babylon

323-276 Successors of Alexander fight over lands. Ptolemies in Egypt

312 Seleukos I -- gets Babylon, Seleukids

311 Division: Antigonos Monophthalmos (Asia) , Cassander (Macedon/Greece), Lysimachos (Thrace), Ptolemy (Egypt)

307 Demetrios Poliorketes -- takes Athens

307 Epikouros founds school, Athens

306 Antigonos, Ptolemy I, Seleukos, Lysimachos ... take royal title

301 Battle of Ipsus -- Cassander, Lysimachos, Seleukos defeat Antigonos and Demetrios. Definitive split in empire.