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Aboard
the Uluburun wreck were artifacts representing cultures in the
Mediterranean from areas such as Cyprus, Canaan, Israel, Arabia,
tropical Africa, Syria, Palestine, Mycenae, Egypt, Old Babylon and
Syria. The
combination and variety of contents on the wreck depict a
diverse trade industry. The
cultures were mixing socially, or at least commercially, as shown
by the relics of two Mycenaean travelers on board the ship in
addition to the Syrian-Palestinian crew. Two
Mycenaean swords, a base of half a Mycenaean flask, a seal, six
spearheads, and a stone ceremonial mace-axe from that region were
recovered (Pulak, "1994 Excavation...").
The
cargo was mostly raw materials: copper, tin, ceramics, bronze,
glass, wood, and terebinth resin (a type of amber). There was over ten tons of Cypriot copper; 500 individual
copper ingots of four different styles (Fig. 1). There were 120 discoid ingots, 5 ìpillow shapedî
ingots, 36 flat two-handled ingots (a style previously unknown),
and 313 flat four-handled ingots. Each of the four-handle type weighed about 55/60
pounds. These ingots
were a form of transporting the raw copper. The tin ingots fell into similar forms and constituted the
largest source of tin from the Bronze Age ñ more than all other
Bronze Age finds put together. Chemical analyses of the copper and tin were conducted in
order to determine the origin. The conclusion of the
lead-Isotope tests on the copper
pointed to Cyprus. The tests on the tin, however, showed only the exclusion of an eastern
European, Cornish or Spanish origin. The terebinth resin found showed that the ship had been
carrying about a ton of the stuff. This was the first instance in which the resin could be
positively identified. It was the largest deposit ever found and
is from the area west of the Dead Sea (Pulak,
"Shipwreck...").
Glass beads along with agate beads, carnelian beads, quartz beads,
faience beads, gold Canaanite jewelry, seashell rings and amber
jewelry made up most of the ornamental cargo. Ebony (Blackwood), Elephant tusks, hippopotamus teeth and
ostrich eggshells were among the most exotic finds (Pulak,
"Shipwreck...").
Almonds,
pine nuts, figs, olives, grapes, black cumin, sumac, coriander,
safflower, pomegranate, wheat, and barley were identified as the
perishable items on the ship. Fish hooks, fish spears, fish net weights, tools, sickles,
drills, drill bits, chisels, axes, bronze weaponry, oil lamps and
Cypriot ceramic pottery comprised the bulk of functional articles
(Pulak, "1994 Excavation...").
In
addition to the Cypriot pottery (Fig. 2), there were 150 Canaanite jars
found. They are from
north of Israel, possibly Syria. The smallest of the jars, which made up 75% of the total,
held about 7 quarts. The middle-sized jars were about twice that volume and the largest
jars held about 28 quarts. This largest unit most likely defines the ancient unit ìbath.î
(Pulak, "Shipwreck...")
There was a gold Canaanite fertility figurine on board which is similar
to pendants in Ugarit. A
gold scarab engraved with the name ìNefertitiî (Fig. 3) and another
with the name of ìThutmose Iî were found as well. These scarabs helped determine the time period of the wreck
by identifying two rulers of known periods (Pulak,
"Shipwreck...").
Several sets of pan-balance weights were found indicating at least three
merchants on board (Pulak, "1994 Excavation..."). The weights were geometric; made of stone, lead and bronze
(Peachey, "Continuing Study..."). There was also a zoomorphic set of weights probably belonging to the
head merchant.
Twenty-four
anchors were recovered along with the wreck.
These anchors helped establish an idea of where the ship
came from. Since the
anchors would have probably been purchased close to wherever the
ship set sail, their origin should be indicative of the shipís. The anchors are of a type constructed off the coast of
Israel, Ugarit, Byblos, Kition, Tell Abu Hawam and Tel Nami. The
remains of wicker fencing around the shipís deck were probably
to block waves. This
is a technique used by Syrian shipmakers, indicated a
Syrian origin . The ultimate conclusion is that the ship
was from Syria (Pulak, "Shipwreck...").

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Fig.1 Four-handled ox-hide copper ingot and Bronze Age
weaponry and tools (Bass, p. 703) |
Fig. 2 Cypriot pottery (Bass, p. 711) |
Fig. 3 Golden scarab ("Bronze
Age Shipwreck...") |
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