Glossa Extraordinaria: Late Middle Ages

-NB: Many of these dates are approximate!

• Compilation of the Codex Manesse (Heidelberg, Universitätsbibliothek, cpg. 848) and of the Weingarten Codex, two of the largest Minnesang collections (Hs. München, Bayer. Staatsbibliothek, cgm 6406: Rudolf von Ems, Weltchronik;Hs. Princeton, University Library, Garrett MS. 125: Chrétien de Troyes, Yvain, Lancelot)
• Aucassin et Nicolette
• Ywain and Gawain
• Sir Perceval of Galles
• the Palazzo Vecchio is built in Florence
• Lüneburg, Stift Lüne: Altardecke, Hungertuch
• Urine examination is introduced as means of diagnosis

1300

• Edward I invades Scotland
• Jubilee Year (Holy Year) declared by Pope Boniface VIII
• Giotto, Declaration of the Jubilee Year (Lateran, Rome)

1303

• Robert Mannyng, Handlyng Sinne

1304

• July 20: the Italian father of humanism Francesco Petrarca born (dies 1374).

1306

• Robert Bruce is crowned the King of Scots
• Death of Wenceslas III, the last Premysl king of Bohemia

1307

• the Rütli Vow
• Dante Alighieri begins La Divina Commedia (until 1321)

1309

• "the Babylonian Captivity": Papacy in exile at Avignon (until 1377)
• Doge’s Palace, Venice, built (until 1438)
• Dante Alighieri, Convivio

1312

• Pope Clemet V abolishes the order of the Templars
• the Canary Islands rediscovered by Genoa

1313

• Giovanni Boccaccio b. in Paris (d. 1375)
• Friar Berthold Schwarz invents gunpowder

1314

• Battle of Bannockburn: Robert Bruce’s Scots rout the English, Scotland gains independence
• Jacques de Molay, Grand Master of the Templars, burned as heretic

1317

• Salic Law, which excludes women from succession to the throne, adopted in France

1320s

• Meister Eckhart, Sermons
• Malter Tapestry; Freiburg i. Br.; Augustinermuseum

1321

• Dante Alighieri dies at Ravenna (b. 1265)

1323

• bull "Cum inter nonnullos": Pope John XXII rejects the notion of Christ’s poverty in his argument with the Franciscans

1325

• development of No plays in Japan

1327

• Meister Eckhard d. (b. c. 1260)
• the Aztecs establish Mexico City

1328

• Ivan I moves the Russian capital to Moscow
• L’Ovide moralisée
• introduction of the sawmill

1330s

• The Auchinleck Manuscript is compiled

1330

• monastery of Ettal, Bavaria, founded
• Juan Riuz, El libro de buen amor

1333

• Granada, Alhambra; Palacio de Comares
• In Prag beginnt man mit dem Bau des Hradschin (fertiggestellt 1774).

1337

• beginning of the Hundred Years’ War between England and France (until 1454)
• January 8, Giotto di Bandone dies in Florence (b. 1266)

1339

• Ambrogio Lorenzetto, Good and Bad Government, fresco, Palazzo Pubblico, Siena

1340s

• building of Palazzo Ducale in Venice is begun

1340

• Giovanni Boccaccio, Il Teseida
• Geoffrey Chaucer b. (d. 1400)
• compilation of the Harley Lyrics (Ms. London, British Library, Harley 2253)

1341

• the Canary Islands are discovered by the Portuguese
• Giovanni Petrarca crowned poeta laureatus on the Capitol in Rome

1342

• Gesta Romanorum (oldest manuscript)

1346

• English victory over the French at Crécy
• St. Birgitta of Sweden founds the order of St. Brigit

1347

• Cola di Rienzo, tribune of the people, rules Rome (April-December)
• the Black Death kills approx. 75 mio. people, over a third of the European population, in three years
• as a reaction, there are flagellant processions and pogroms against the Jews
• Das Hausbuch des Michael de Leone

1348

• Edward III founds the Order of the Garter
• Prague University, the first German university, is founded
• Giovanni Boccachio, Decamerone

1349

• building of the Frauenkirche (St. Mary’s) begun at Nuremberg, on the site of the Jewish ghetto

1350s

• Konrad von Megenberg, Buch der Natur
• Die elsässissche Legenda Aurea
• Ulrich Boner, Der Edelstein
• Meistersinger movement in Germany
• Till Eulenspiegel d.
• firearms are coming into use
• tennis becomes an open-air game

1350

• the Shogun of Japan prohibits the drinking of tea

1356

• the Golden Bull defines the powers of the imperial princes in Germany, regulates the emperor’s election process
• Jean de Mandeville, Voyages d’Outremer

1358

• the Hanseatic League is founded
• the Hapsburgs sign peace treaty with the Swiss League

1360

• the first francs are minted in France
• Ca d’Oro, Venice
• Heinrich Seuse, Autobiography

1362

• Statute of Pleading: English is admitted at court and parliament
• William Langland, Piers Plowman [A]

1363

• Timur Länk (Tamerlane) begins conquest of Asia

1365

• Vienna University is founded

1366

• Francesco Petrarca, Canzoniere
• the Fugger family comes to Augsburg

1368

• the Mongol Yüan dynasty in China is overthrown by the national Ming dynasty
• restoration of the Great Wall of China

1369

• Building of the Bastille, Paris
• Geoffrey Chaucer, The Book of the Duchess
• John Dunstable b. (d. 1453)

1370s

• Robin Hood ballads
• Catherine of Siena, Letters
• der Mönch von Salzburg, Songs
• playing cards become popular

1373

• Francesco Petrarca, Historia Griseldis

1374

• Francesco Petrarca dies (born 1304)

1375

• Giovanni Boccaccio d. (b. 1313)
• John Barbour, The Bruce

1376

• the York Cycle

1377

• Pope Gregory XI returns to Rome: end of the "Babylonian Captivity"
• Guillaume de Marchaut d. (b. 1300)
• William Langland, Piers Plowman [B]

1380s

• Mandeville’s Travels

1380

• Catherine of Siena d. (canonized 1461)
• John Wyclif, translation of the Bible into English

1381

• Peasants’ Revolt in England
• Geoffrey Chaucer, House of Fame

1382

• John Wyclif’s writings are condemned and he is expelled from Oxford

1383

• das Runtingerbuch (until 1407)

1384

• Geoffrey Chaucer, The Parlement of Foules
• John Wyclif d. (b. c. 1328)

1385

• Geoffrey Chaucer, Troilus and Cryseide and The Legend of Good Women

1386

• Heidelberg University founded
• beginning of the building of the Cathedral at Milan
• John Gower, Confessio Amantis

1387

• Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales
• Fra Angelico b. (d. 1455)

1389

• Treaty of Zürich: Austria acknowledges the independence of the Swiss
• the Wenzelsbibel (Wien, Österr. Nationalbibliothek, cod. 2759-2764)

1390s

• Hugo von Montfort, Songs
• William Langland, Piers Plowman [C] (Ms. London, British Library, Cotton Nero A.X: Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Pearl, Patience, Cleanness, St. Erkenwald)
• Arthurian murals at Castle Runkelstein near Bolzena
• Regensburg Love Tapestry
• "beautiful madonnas" become popular

1391

• Birgitta of Vadstena is canonized by Pope Boniface IX
• Innsbruck Religious Plays

1393

• King Wenceslas has St. John of Nepomuk murdered in Prague

1394

• Jehan d’Arras, Livre de Melusine
• Christine de Pisan, Songs

1396

• Manuel Chrysoloras opens Greek classes in Florence: beginning of the revival of Greek literature
• Schöner Brunnen, Nürnberg

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1400s

• Oswald von Wolkenstein, Songs
• Awntyrs of Arthure
• Le Morte Arthur
• Julian of Norwich, Book of Showings
• Ascent of the Medici in Florence
• Meister Bertram, Petri-Altar (Hamburg, Kunsthalle)

1400

• Geoffrey Chaucer d. (b. c. 1340)
• Jean Froissart, Chroniques
• Alt-Neu Synagogue, Prague

1401

• Klaus Störtebeker, pirate captain, executed at Hamburg
• Johannes von Tepl, Der Ackermann aus Böhmen

1402

• work beginns on Brussels Town Hall
• work begins on the Cathedral of Seville

1405

• Christine de Pisan, Livre de la Cité des Dames

1406

• Florence conquers Pisa and gains access to its seaports

1408

• Heinrich Wittenwiler, Der Ring

1410s

• drift nets intruduced by Dutch fishermen
• "Korallenmadonna", Halberstadt Cathedral

1410

• The Book of Margery Kempe

1412

• Joan of Arc b. (d. 1431)
• Thomas Hoccleve, Regiment of Princes
• John Lydgate, Troy Book
• The Limburg Brothers, miniatures in the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry (Musée Condé, Chantilly)

1414

• the Medici become the bankers to the papacy (until 1476)
• Der Bremer Roland entsteht.

1415

• the English defeat the French at Agincourt
• Jan Hus is burnt at the stake for heresy

1416

• Donatello, St. George of Orsanmichele (Florence, Bargello)

1417

• End of the Great Schism (since 1378): Martin V is elected Pope at the Council of Constance

1420s

• John Lydgate, The Siege of Thebes
• John Dunstable: masses, motets

1421

• Ca’ d’Oro, Venice, is begun

1422

• Paston Letters (until 1509)

1424

• Meister Francke, Englandfahrer-Altar (Kunsthalle, Hamburg)

1427

• the Flémalle Master, Mérode Altarpiece (Metropolitan Museum, New York)

1428

• Joan of Arc leads the French armies against England

1429

• Philip of Burgundy founds the Order of the Golden Fleece

1430s

• Elisabeth von Nassau-Saarbrücken, Herpin, Sibille
• Tangermünde City Hall
• Luca della Robbia, Singers’ Balcony, Florence Cathedral
• John Dunstable develops the counterpoint in musical composition

1430

• Joan of Arc is captured by Burgundian troops and delivered to England
• Johannes Ockeghem b. (d. 1494)

1431

• Joan of Arc is burnt at the stake at Rouen

1432

• Hubert and Jan van Eyck, Gent Altarpiece (St. Bavo, Gent)

1433

• the double eagle becomes the emblem of the Holy Roman Empire

1434

• Cosimo de’ Medici becomes ruler of Florence (until 1464)

1435

• Hanz Folz born (died 1513)
• Antonio Pisanello, St. George and the Princess (Sant’Anastasia, Verona)

1438

• Pachacutec founds Inca rule in Peru
• Agnes Bernauer wird auf Befehl ihres Schwiegervaters in der Donau ertränkt.

1440s

• Michelozzo di Bartolomeo, Palazzo Medici, Florence

1440

• Platonic Academy founded by Cosimo de’ Medici at Florence

1441

• Eton College and King’s College founded in Cambridge

1442

• Filippo Brunelleschi begins the Pazzi Chapel (Santa Croce, Florence)

1444

• Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, Florence, founded by Cosimo de’ Medici
• Sandro Botticelli b. (d. 1510)

1445

• Copenhagen becomes capital of Denmark
• Johannes Gutenberg develops movable type for printing press

1446

• Pisanello, frescoes in the Ducal Palace, Mantua
• Macchu Picchu wird in den Bergen Perus gebaut (entdeckt 1911).

1447

• Fra Angelica, frescoes in the chapel and studio of Pope Nicolaus V (Vatican)

1450s

• Monsee-Wiener Liederhandschrift

1450

• Johannes Gutenberg prints the Constance Mass Book
• Veit Stoss b. (d. 1533)
• Hieronymus Bosch b. (d. 1516)
• Heinrich Isaak b. (d. 1517)
• Mocha in southwestern Arabia becomes the main port for the export of coffee
• Last Norsemen abandon Greenland

1451

• Christopher Columbus b. (d. 1506)
• Amerigo Vespucci b. (d. 1512)

1452

• Triumphal Arch, Castel Nuovo, Naples
• metal plates are used for printing
• Leonardo da Vinci b. (d. 1519)

1453

• the Battle of Castillon: end of the Hundred Years’ War between England and France
• England relinquishes all lands on the Continent except Calais
• the Osmans under Muhamed II capture Constantinople and kill Emperor Constantine XI: end of the Byzantine empire
• the Haghia Sophia is converted into a mosque
• John Dunstable d. (b. 1369)

1455

• beginning of the Wars of the Roses: power struggle between the House of York and the House of Lancaster (until 1485)
• Fra Angelico d. (b. 1387)
• Donatello, Judith and Holofernes (Piazza della Signoria, Florence)

1456

• the trial of Joan of Arc is annulled
• François Villon, Le Petit Testament, Lais
• Thüring von Ringoltingen, Melusine
• Sigismund Meisterlin, Cronografia Augustensium [Latin]
• Johannes Gutenberg prints the 42line Bible ("the Gutenberg Bible")
• Hans Multscher, Sterzing Altarpiece (Sterzing, Museum)

1457

• Sigismund Meisterlin, Augsburg Chronicle [German]
• Sebastian Brant b. (d. 1521)

1458

• Aeneas Sylvius Piccolomini becomes Pope Pius II (d. 1464)

1459

• Albrecht von Eyb, Margarita poetica
• Martin Behaim b. (d. 1507)

1460s

• compilation of the Kolmarer Liederhandschrift
• compilation of the Schedels Liederbuch

1460

• Palazzo Pitti, Florence, begins
• building of Przemysl Cathedral (Poland) begins

1461

• Heinrich Steinhöwel, Historia Griseldis, Apollonius von Tyrus

1462

• Niccolò dell’Arca, The Lamentation of Christ (Pinacoteca Nazionale, Bologna)

1463

• Bernt Notke, Lübeck Danse Macabre/Dance of Death (formerly St. Mary’s, Lübeck)

1465

• Johannes Hartlieb, Translation of the Secreta Mulierum/Trotula
• Erasmus of Rotterdam b. (d. 1536)
• first printed music
• building of the Palazzo Ducale, Urbino, begins

1466

• Johann Mentelin prints first German bible at Strasbourg
• building of the Holstentor, Lübeck, begins

1467

• the first ballad about Wilhelm Tell
• Ulrich Füetrer, Prose Lanzelot

1468

• Johannes Gutenberg d. (b. c. 1396)

1469

• Lorenzo de’ Medici, "the Magnificent", becomes the ruler of Florence (until 1492)
• the Portuguese (Fernaõ Gomes) cross the Equator
• Niccolò Machiavelli b. (d. 1527)
• Vasco da Gama b. (d. 1524)

1470s

• Rostocker Liederbuch compiled
• Wienhäuser Liederbuch compiled
• Ulrich Fuetrer, Buch der Abenteuer
• Lorenzo de’Medici, Rime; Silve d’Amore
• Marsilio Ficino, Theologia Platonica

1470

• Thomas Malory, Le Morte Darthur
• Willibald Pirckheimer b. (d. 1530)

1471

• Liederbuch der Klara Hätzlerin
• Giovanni Bellini, The Coronation of Mary (Museo Civico, Pesaro)
• Albrecht Dürer b. (d. 1528)

1472

• Albrecht von Eyb, Ehebüchlein
• Martin Mayr, Rede zur Eröffnung der Universität Ingolstadt [Latin]

1473

• the Fuggers at Augsburg begin dealings with the Hapsburg dynasty
• Nicolaus Copernicus b. (d. 1543)

1474

• William Caxton prints the first book in English (at Bruges)

1475

• Heinric van Alcmaer, Reynaert die vos [Dutch]
• Lancelot of the Laik [Middle English]
• Francisco Pizzarro b. (d. 1541)
• Michelangelo Buonarotti b. (d. 1564)
• Antonello da Messina, London Cruxifiction (National Gallery, London); Antwerp Cruxifiction (Art Museum, Antwerp)

1476

• Heinrich Steinhöwel, Aesopus
• Urbino, Palazzo Ducale: Studiolo of Duke Federico di Montefeltro

1477

• William Caxton prints Geoffrey Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales
• Veit Stoß, Altarpiece in St. Mary’s, Krakow (Poland)
• Sandro Botticelli, La Primavera
• Tiziano Vecelli, "Titian" b. (d. 1576)

1478

• Thomas More b. (d. 1535)

1479

• Union of Aragon and Castile under Ferdinand the Catholic and Isabella: beginning of the Spanish state
• Angelo Poliziano, Favola d’Orfeo

1480s

• Glogauer Liederbuch
• The Unicorn Tapestries (Musée Cluny, Paris, and the Cloisters, New York)

1480

• Johann von Soest, Die Kinder von Limburg
• Dietrich Schernberg, Spiel von Frau Jutten
• Ferdinand Magellan b. (d. 1521)
• Georg Faust, the model for the Faust legend, b.
• Lucrezia Borgia b.
• Erasmus Grasser, Moriskentänzer (Stadtmuseum, München)
• Leonardo da Vinci invents the parachute

1481

• Michael Pacher, St. Wolfgang Altarpiece

1483

• the Spanish Inquisition is formally established by a union of the inquisitions of Aragon and Castile
• Raffaelo Santi b. (d. 1520)
• Pietro Lombardo, Sepolcro di Dante, Ravenna
• 10 November: Martin Luther b. (d. 1546)

1484

• Donaueschinger Liederhandschrift
• Tristrant und Isalde: first printed edition
• Sigismund Meisterlin, Nieronbergensis Cronica [Latin]
• Ulrich Zwingli b. (d. 1531)
• Sandro Botticelli, The Birth of Venus (Uffizi, Florence)
• Albrecht Dürer, Self-Portrait

1485

• Battle of Bosworth: End of the Wars of the Roses
• Henry Tudor becomes King Henry VII of England
• establishment of the Yeomen of the Guard in England
• William Caxton prints Thomas Malory’s Le Morte Darthur

1486

• Angola is discoverd by the Portuguese
• Conrad Celtis, Ars versificandi et carminum
• Jacob Russ, Chur Cathedral Altarpiece

1487

• Spain conquers Malaga from the Arabs
• Bartholomew Diaz rounds the Cape of Good Hope
• Jacob Sprenger and Heinrich Institoris, Malleus Maleficarium

1488

• Sigismund Meisterlin, Nieronbergensis Cronica [German]
• Ulrich von Hutten b. (d. 1523)
• first dispensary (Apotheke) in Berlin

1489

• Lübecker Mohnkopf-Totentanz printed
• Thomas Cranmer b. (d. 1556)
• the symbols + [plus] and - [minus] come into use

1490s

• Hieronymus Bosch, Garten der Lüste (Prado, Madrid)
• ballet is introduced at Italian courts
• the first orphanages are established in Italy and Holland

1490

• Everyman
• Robert Henryson, Testament of Cresseid
• Adam von Fulda, De Musica
• Ignatius Loyola b. (d. 1556)

1492

• death of Lorenzo de’ Medici in Florence (b. 1494)
• fall of Granada to the Christians
• expulsion of the Jews from the Spanish kingdoms
• Christopher Columbus discovers the New World: he departs from Palos, Spain, Aug. 3; discovers Watling Island in the Bahamas Oct. 12; Cuba Oct. 18; the Santa Maria is wrecked off Haiti Dec. 25
• Margaret of Navarre b. (d. 1549)
• Piero della Francesca, De Prospectiva Pingendi
• the first terrestrial globe is constructed in Nuremberg by Martin Behaim
• building of the Palazzo dei Diamanti, Ferrara, is begun

1493

• Maximilian I becomes Holy Roman emperor (d. 1519)
• the Nuremberg Chronicle printed in Latin and German by Hartmann Schedel in Nuremberg
• Marquart vom Stein, Der Ritter vom Turm
• Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim , "Paracelsus" b. (d. 1541)

1494

• Girolamo Savonarola overthrows the Medici in Florence and establishes a democratic theocracy
• Treaty of Tordesillas: Spain and Portugal define their areas of influence overseas
• Parliament of Drogheda marks subservience of Ireland to England
• Sebastian Brant, Das Narrenschiff
• John Lydgate (1370-1450), The Fall of Princes [posthumuously]
• François Rabelais b. (d. 1553)
• Hans Sachs b. (d. 1576)
• Antonio Allegro, "Correggio" b. (d. 1534)

1495

• the Jews are expelled from Portugal
• Leonardo da Vinci, The Last Supper (Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan)
• Hieronymus Bosch, The Garden of Worldly Delights
• the syphillis epidemic is spread from Naples all over Europe through French soldiers ("Die französische Krankheit")

1496

• Girolamo Savonarola, De Simplicitate Vitae Christianae

1497

• Vasco da Gama reaches India, having rounded the Cape of Good Hope
• Phillip Melanchthon b. (d. 1560)

1498

• Girolamo Savonarola is burnt at Florence
• Torquemada, inquisitor-general of Spain, d. (b. 1420)
• Vasco da Gama discovers the sea route to India
• Albrecht Dürer, Apocalypse; Knight, Death and Devil
• Michelangelo, Pietà, St. Peter’s, Rome
• first German pawnshop at Nuremberg

1499

• Tilman Riemenschneider, Tomb of Emperor Henry II and His Wife (Bamberg Cathedral)

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