Some tips on distinguishing adverbial and adjectival PPs

I. Adverbial PPs

1. An adverbial will always tell you something about the action or state expressed by the verb (location, time, duration, manner, instrument, source, beneficiary etc.).

A. Little Jack Horner sat in the corner.

B. Little Jack Horner resembles his mother in an odd way.

2. Since adverbials can be moved fairly easily, adverbial PPs can usually be moved to the front of the sentence without changing the meaning in any significant way.

A. In the corner, sat little Jack Horner.
B. In an odd way, little Jack Horner resembles his mother.
(The diagrams for these sentences are essentially the same as those for 1 A and B).

II. Adjectival PPs

1. An adjectival will always give you information about a noun ("which," "what kind of"). Adjectival PPs will also follow the noun they modify as closely as they can.

The boy in the corner ate pizza. ("which boy")

A,The boy in a hurry ate pizza.
("what kind of a boy"; note there may be another boy who is less rushed who eats a full, nutritionally sound meal!)

III. Adverb movement test

If you can move a PP to the front of the sentence or to the position in front of the verb without changing the meaning, the PP is acting as an adverbial, or verb modifier.

A. In the corner, sat little Jack Horner.
B. In an odd way, little Jack Horner resembles his mother.
C. Little Jack Horner, in an odd way, resembles his mother.

Note what happens to The boy in a hurry ate pizza. when you move the PP to the front or to the end of the sentence (i.e. away from the noun phrase):

D. In a hurry, the boy ate pizza.
E. The boy ate pizza in a hurry.

Now the PP is adverbial, and the meaning has changed from one in which the boy is described as "someone in a hurry" ("which/what kind") to one in which his eating is described as being "in a hurry" ("how")


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Comments to: Sara Kimball
Last updated January, 2001