WEEK 5 (10/2): Greek Religion and Rationalism

Lecture Outline

Midterm Guide available under "Exam Guides" under "Resources" on the main page


1. Greek Civic Religion

A. Fundamentals and characteristics
i. polytheistic and anthropomorphic

ii. pervasiveness: the polis as a religious association (every polis had its god), involvement of all

iii. commonality

iv. no dogma or priestly caste with special knowledge

B. Goals

i. practical: here and now

do ut des ("I give so that you give")

exceptions: mystery religions (see below)

ii. ritual and reciprocity: piety expressed in behavior 

C. Festivals, Temples, Altars, Sanctuaries, and Their Purposes

          i. Temples and Altars

                   temenos, "sanctuary"

                   Peisistratid altar, Altar of the Twelve Gods, Artemis Orthia

                   Doric (Parthenon), Ionic (Erechtheum), Corinthian

                   typical temple layout and organization

                   architectural elements: e. g., column drums, metope and triglyph

   sculptural decoration: metopes, pediments, and their scale

                   the Greek temple: the Parthenon

                               some other classics: Agrigento, Segesta, Selinunte

                   at center of city, physically and spiritually: the Acropolis, model of Acropolis

                               OR in a rural setting of natural beauty: Bassae, Demeter on Naxos

                   cult statues: Athena Parthenos, Zeus at Olympia, Agrigento statue

                   violation of sacred space and laws: miasma, Curse of the Alcmaeonidae

         ii. Festivals

Athens: e. g., Panathenaea, Dionysia, Lenaea, Brauronia -- half the calendar days were festivals (not all communal)

                Sparta: e. g., Hyacinthia, Carneia

       iii. Pan-Hellenic Sanctuaries

                   Olympia and the Olympics

                                massive sanctuary of Zeus and Hera in the Peloponnesus

                                Olympics traditionally founded 776 BC by Heracles, held every 4 years

                        victors' dedications, epinician odes (Pindar and Bacchylides)

                   Isthmia and Nemea

                               every two years

                               racetrack and devices at Isthmia

                               stadium at Nemea and graffiti

                                        modern Nemean games!

                   Delphi: a special case

                               plan of site

                               the Sacred Way, lined with monuments

                                     sacred treasuries

                                     victory monuments

                                     other inscriptions

                               Pythian Games

                               views of sanctuary: temple, temple from below, theater

                               the Delphic Oracle

                                        Pythia: priestess of Apollo

consultation and procedure

nature of responses: human intelligence and the divine world

e.g., Croesus and the Delphic oracle

postscript: priestesses and natural gases!

other oracles: Trophonius, Dodona

2. Mystery Religions
       A. The Promise of Life after Death

i. the Eleusinian Mysteries

      
Greek views of death: Hades, Elysian Fields, River Styx, underworld
 
       site of Eleusis

       story of Demeter and Persephone

       symbolism of the story and the rite

    B. The Liberation of Dionysus


          Theban royal family and Euripides' Bacchae

          mystery religion from the East

          ecstatic in nature

          few temples or fixed places of worship

          especially attractive to women (maenad with thyrsus)

          parallels of Dionysus and Demeter

3. Ionian Rationalism and Greek Science

        classical Greece        

Ionia (Miletus): "Natural Philosophers" (also southern Italy and Sicily, e.g., Pythagoras (theorem a2 + b2 = c2), originally from Samos, Xenophanes, originally from Ionia)

Xenophanes, Protagoras, and Herodotus

        myth vs. religion

        nomos (law, custom) vs. physis (nature) = "Nature vs. Nurture"

        theories about the composition of the universe

        other theories of science and mathematics

        medicine: Asclepius, Hippocrates, Epidaurus


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Updated 10/1/06, bolmarcich@mail.utexas.edu