Phl 303
Lecture 7: Dante's Divine Comedy

Introduction to Dante

• Dante Aligheri (1265-1321), of Florence, Italy.
• One of the 4-5 greatest poets of the Western tradition (with Homer, Virgil, Milton, Goethe).
• His masterpiece (The Divine Comedy) embodies the Thomistic synthesis of Greek philosophy & the Biblical worldview.

Structure of the Divine Comedy

• Three Parts:
  • The Inferno (Hell). A depiction of the consequences of unchecked evil.
  • The Purgatorio (Purgatory). A representation of human nature in this life (of which purgatory is an extension): the conflict between good and evil.
  • The Paradiso (Heaven). The ultimate, supernatural end of human life. The vision of God.

Issues to Consider

• Love as the source of both good and evil.
• The paradox of free will: is it compatible with a scientific (Aristotelian) picture of the workings of human nature?
• The relationship between body and soul.

Faith & Reason

Dante gives a high status to natural reason.

• Virgil, Danteıs guide through hell and purgatory, was a pre-Christian Roman poet.
• Aristotle is described as ³the father of them that know.²
• The philosophers and poets in limbo, although unbelievers, are treated with great respect, and suffer only the sadness of the loss of heaven.

Limits of reason

• At the same time, Dante clearly asserts the limits of reason, and the need for its supplementation by faith.
• Beatrice (representing grace) must take over for Virgil as Dante enters heaven.
• Certain mysteries (like that of free will) lie beyond the scope of reason to explain completely.
• The souls in heaven, enjoying the vision of God, have transcended all natural limitations. Humanity is commingled with Godıs essence.

Love as the source of Good and Evil

• Virgil distinguishes between animal and mind-directed love.
• The second is fallible, both in respect of its object and its intensity.
  • Wrong object: Pride, Envy, Wrath
  • Too weak: Sloth (accidie)
  • Too strong: Avarice, Gluttony, Lust

Love directed toward the good, but fallibly

• ³All men, though in a vague way, apprehend a good their souls may rest in, and desire it; each, therefore, strives to reach his chosen end.² (Pur. xvii)
• ³Though loveıs substance (object) always will appear to be a good, not every impress made, even in finest wax, is good and clear.² (Pur. xviii)

The Enigma of Free Will

• ³If love springs outside the soulıs own will, it being made to love, what merit is there in loving good, or blame in loving ill?² (Dante to Virgil, canto xviii)
• ³As far as reason sees, I can reply. The rest you must ask Beatrice. The answer lies within Faithıs Mysteries.² (Virgilıs reply)
• ³All love springs from necessity, but you still have the power to check its sway.²

Marcoıs Discourse (canto xvi)

• Until quite modern times, astrology was taken to be scientific, revealing laws connecting heavenly motions to earthly events.
• If we substitute modern physics & chemistry for astrology, the same philosophical question arises: how is human freedom compatible with a world of natural causal necessity?

Free Will & the Intellect

• Marco answers: it is the human intellect that frees man from the heavensı influence. By understanding the laws of cause/effect, we can transcend them.
• Unsolved problem: why doesnıt the intellect merely introduce its own chain of inexorable cause & effect? Whence comes the freedom to assent or dissent to reasonıs conclusions?

The Place of Training, Civic Leadership

• The fact of free will does not (for Dante) negate the need for training: ³restraint by law to guide love to higher things².
• The bad state of the world (in Danteıs time) Dante attributes to bad leadership of both church and state (but, especially, of church).
• Another paradox? Is it bad environment or free will that is the ultimate explanation of evil?

The Development of Soul & Body

• Statiusıs Discourse -- Pur. canto xxv
• Describes the development of the human fetus, beginning with the ³formative power² present in the sperm.
• This formative power shapes the blood in the uterus through successive stages: plant-like, jellyfish-like, human.

Emergence of the rational soul

• This ³formative power² could be identified with the genetic information contained in the gametes (like Aristotle, Dante hypothesizes no genetic contribution of the mother).
• As the fetal brain develops, God steps in and creates a rational soul, which then draws into itself the powers of the vegetative and perceptive souls.

Three Medieval Theories

• Dante endorses what was known as ³creationism²: that each individual human soul is specially created by God.
• Augustine and others endorsed ³traducianism²: the human soul is formed by natural powers possessed by the sperm & egg.
• Dante clearly rejects Averroism (ibn Ruhd): that all human beings share a single soul.

Danteıs Vision of Heaven

• Danteıs Paradiso was based on the current, Ptolemaic (earth-centered) model.
• Dante passes through successive, concentric circles: moon, Venus, Sun, planets, fixed stars.
• After reaching the primum mobile (first mover) beyond the stars, Danteıs universe undergoes a disorienting, non-Euclidean transformation.
• What had been the center (the earth) now becomes the extreme periphery, and the sphere of the primum mobile is seen to revolve around concentric spheres of angels, centered in God.
• Thus, Danteıs universe is really not geo-centric at all, but theo-centric.

Introduction to Joseph Butler

• Sermons, published in 1726.
• Had profound effect on moral philosophy in Britain, well into 20th century.

2 major themes:

• 1. Nature is the standard of good/bad, right/wrong.
• 2. The problem of the relation between self-love and love for others.

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