FOUNDATIONS OF SOCIAL
WORK PRACTICE II:
GROUPS, ORGANIZATIONS,
& COMMUNITIES
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Special emphasis will be given to the development of assessment and
intervention skills for beginning practitioners that are relevant to empowerment,
capacity building and social change with groups, organizations, and communities.
The development of critical reasoning skills will be discussed including
those factors that influence decision-making processes and the need for
ongoing self-evaluation. Throughout the course, the transactions
between social aggregates (groups, organizations and communities and their
environments (e.g., economic, technological, cultural, physical, and political)
are presented. The role of age, race, gender, social class, culture,
ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, national origin, and physical
and physical and mental ability in social and economic justice-focused
work practice will be an integral part of this course.
It is required that you are in foundation practicum concurrently while enrolled in this course. It is not possible to successfully complete this course without meeting this co-requisite. Your job or volunteer activities will not meet this co-requisite.
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This class meets from 8:30 a.m. to noon and from 1:00 p.m. to 5:00 p.m. on January 21 & 22 and March 3 & 4, 2000.
Course content is covered through reading, listening, thinking, and
discussing social work practice in task groups, organizations, and communities.
Class sessions will be devoted to focused discussions that flow from assigned
readings and supplemental materials presented in class. In addition, small
group exercises will be used to gain understanding for the practical application
of theories discussed in class. Students are expected to ask questions,
share experiences, and actively participate in class discussions and group
exercises.
| Assignment |
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| Agency Analysis Paper |
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| Community Intervention Paper |
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| Take Home Final Exam |
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Agency Analysis Paper. Students will submit a paper (8-10 pages) analyzing their practicum setting or another agency in the community. Below I have identified the major elements of the analysis along with a few questions to help you begin thinking about the agency analysis. Don't feel limited only to these questions. They are not intended to be a recipe for the paper. Rather they are suggestive of the kinds of questions you should be thinking about in each section of the paper. There are probably many other relevant questions that will be specific to your agency.
Mission, goals and objectives
The purpose of this paper is to assess the student's ability to
apply course readings and discussions to a functioning organization.
This assignment is due at the end of class on 3 March 2001.
Community Intervention Paper.
Students will submit a paper (8-10 pages) addressing an issue in the community
and interventions being initiated by their practicum agency or another
agency in the community. The paper should include the following:
This assignment is designed to give the student an opportunity to
use the practice models and change strategies learned in class to analyze
a real community problem and macro level change initiative. The successful
student will demonstrate an ability to critically analyze the problem,
link the needs assessment with the proposed intervention and relate expected
outcomes to the nature and extent of the problem. The assignment
is due date on 16 March 2001. This is two weeks after the last class
session. Students should send the paper to my home address or as
an attachment to my e-mail address. Both addresses are listed in the Instructor
section at the top of the course outline. Students should allow 2-3 days
for mail delivery to my home address.
Take-home exam. The take-home exam will consist of several essay questions that will be written to allow students to integrate and synthesize course content and to apply what they have learned to specific practice situations. The exam will be distributed during the first class session and is due on Friday, 30 March 2001. This gives students four weeks to complete the exam and return it to my home address or to my e-mail address. Both addresses are listed at the top of the course outline. Students should allow 2-3 days for mail delivery to my home address. To access the take-home exam click here.
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Student performance will be evaluated based on the following grade scale:
Assignments received after the due date will lose 3 points for each
day or partial day they are late (including weekends). Late assignments
will not be accepted after 14 April 2000. Exceptions will be made
only for emergencies when the instructor is notified prior to the due date.
Class 1: Friday, 26 January, 8:30 a.m. to Noon
Introduction and Course Overview
This class session will introduce the course and provide an overview of the domain and content of the course. Social and economic justice have always been central to social work's mission. Helping to create access to opportunity and fair treatment for all members of society has long been at the heart of professional social work practice. To begin our discussion of macro practice in social work, it is important for us to examine professional practice in the context of social justice. We will also consider the importance of task groups, organizations, communities, and public policy in social work practice.
Required reading
McKnight, J. ( 1995). The Careless Society: Community and Its Counterfeits. New York: Basic Books. Professionalized Service and Disabling Help, pages 36-52 and Human Service Systems, pages 91-132. (Reserve)
Schorr, Lisbeth B. (1997). Common Purpose: Strengthening Families and Neighborhoods to Rebuild America. New York: Anchor Books. Introduction and Part I: Spreading and Sustaining Success. (Text)
Video: Ernie Cortez--Concern for Community
Class 2: Friday, 26 January, 1:00 to 5:00 p.m.
Introduction to Human Service Organizations
Formal organizations are pervasive in modern society. Organizations are society's tools for "getting things done." As such, they often reflect the institutional values of the broader society, including racism and sexism. We will define organizations in broad terms, and discuss some of the unique features of human service organizations. An overview of key organizational concepts is presented, including structure, goals, technology, role of participants, and environment. Central debates in organizational theory are discussed. A conceptual framework for understanding organizational theory is outlined and different theoretical frameworks are introduced with reference to distinctive metaphors. This session ends with a review of classic organizational theories.
Required reading
Austin, D. M. Program Analysis and Design. (Reserve)
Hasenfeld, Y. (1992). The nature of human service organizations. (Reserve)
Hasenfeld, Y. (1992). Theoretical approaches to human service organizations. (Reserve)
Morgan, G. (1997). Ch. 1, Introduction. Ch. 2, Mechanization takes command:
Organizations as machines. Ch. 10, Developing the art of organizational
analysis.
Ch. 11, Imaginization: A direction for the future. (Text)
Class 3: Saturday, 27 January, 8:30 to noon
Theoretical Perspectives: Environments, Politics, and Culture
A significant limitation of classic organizational theory is the lack of attention to environmental concerns. With the emergence of open systems theory, knowledge about the environments of organizations were recognized as essential to understanding the internal functioning of organizations, as well as relationships between organizations. The general environment is distinguished from the task environment. Interorganizational networks are presented as important features of organizational environments. The environmental perspective allows us to view organizations as political systems comprised of multiple constituents and competing interests. Politics are a part of all organizations but are especially relevant to public agencies that depend directly on the political process for their survival. Power is an important element of politics. Strategies for obtaining power are also discussed, with specific attention given to methods of gaining power at lower levels in the organization. Culture in an important dimension of organizations. From this perspective, organizations can be viewed in two ways: (1) as a cultural phenomenon that varies from one society to another, and (2) as socially constructed realities which are created and sustained by patterns of beliefs, expectations, and interactions between and within organizations. Culture impacts all processes within the organization. Specific attention will be given to the impact of culture on communication and decision making.
Required reading
Morgan, G. (1997). Ch. 3, Nature intervenes: Organizations as organisms. Ch. 5, Creating social reality: Organizations as cultures. Ch. 6, Interests, conflict, and power: Organizations as political systems. (Text)
Class 4: Saturday, 27 January, 1:00 a.m. to 5:00
Contemporary Approaches to Management in Human Services
Several management innovations have emerged in the private corporate sector in the past two decade. For example, Total Quality Management (TQM), Continuous Quality Improvement (CQI), Organizational Development (OD), Process Re-structuring, and Re-engineering. We will explore the relevance of these innovations for human service organizations. The meaning of quality will be discussed and quality assurance is compared to quality management. The underlying tenets of TQM/CQI are examined and their compatibility with human service organizations is discussed. Process re-engineering is presented as an approach to radically restructure organizational processes and to improve both organizational efficiency and quality of service to the "customer." The basic principles of re-engineering are discussed and their potential application to human service organizations are explored.
Required reading
Brannen, S. J. & Streeter, C. L. Doing it With Data: Total Quality Management and the Evaluation of Social Services. (Reserve)
Martin, L. L. (1993). Total Quality Management in Human Service Organizations. Ch. 1, Quality Management: The New Managerial Wave. Ch. 2, What is Total Quality Management (TQM)? (Reserve)
Selber, K. & Streeter, C. L. (2000). A Customer-Oriented Model for
Measuring and Managing Quality in Human Service
Organizations. (Reserve)
Video: Demming: Prophet of Quality
Class 5: Friday, 2 March, 8:30 a.m. to noon
Introduction to Community Practice
Social workers need both a conceptual understanding of communities in contemporary America society and a way to apply this knowledge to professional practice. We all have general knowledge of communities from our own life experience living in one or more communities. This provides a good foundation for developing a community orientation for professional social work practice. Communities are complex social entities that take many different shapes and forms. Therefore, we need multiple way to look at communities. In this class we will discuss several different ways to conceptualize community. We will also begin to look at different models of community practice.
Kretzmann, J. P. and McKnight, J. L. (1993). Building
Communities From the Inside Out: A Path Toward Finding and Mobilizing A
Community's Assets. Chicago, IL: ACTA Publications. Introduction.
(Text)
Class 6: Friday, 2 March, 1:00 to 5:00 p.m.
Models of Community Practice
Just as there are many ways to define and understand communities, there are many models of community practice. Some models place greater emphasis on mobilizing people at the grassroots while other emphasize the technical nature of problem solving in the macro arena. Some models emphasize the inequality and injustice that exists in most communities and seek to radically alter the broad social structural factors that contribute to these problems. Others believe that people in the community must identify and define problems for themselves and that professionals may be able to support their efforts but they can't do it for them. Some models place considerable emphasis on the process of electoral politics. Others seek to ignore the role of political systems in favor of encouraging local self-reliance, thereby freeing the community from the broader political environment. Some models are most appropriate for mobilizing support for mass movements such as the Civil Rights Movement, the Nuclear Disarmament Movement, and more recently, the environmental movement. Other models are more suited for addressing locality based problems that are of special concern to local neighborhoods. In this class session we will consider alternative models of community practice.
Checkoway, B. (1995). Six strategies of community change. Community Development Journal, 30 (1), 2-20. (Reserve)
Kretzmann, J. P. and McKnight, J. L. (1993). Building Communities From the Inside Out: A Path Toward Finding and Mobilizing A Community's Assets. Chicago, IL: ACTA Publications. Chapters 1-3. (Text)
Rothman, J. (1996). The Interweaving of Community Intervention Approaches. Journal of Community Practice, 3 (3/4), 69-99. (Reserve)
Video: From the Bottom-up. Narrated by Barbara
Jordon. Will be shown in class.
Class 7: Saturday, 3 March, 8:30 to noon
Community Practice in Critical Community Systems
Social workers typically work with people around critical areas of human need. Macro practice initiatives are often directed at specific areas of human need in the community. In this class we will focus on several critical areas of community need. Economic self-sufficiency is the stated goal of many social programs in this country and for more than a decade has sparked considerable debate around the issue of welfare reform. In many cases economic self-sufficiency is also a prerequisite for personal self-esteem and well-being. Housing is another critical area of human need in many communities. The lack of affordable housing in the U.S. has been cited by many as a significant contributing factor in the growing problem of homelessness. Education and health care have been at the center of much political debate in recent years. Business and political leaders decry the inadequacy of the American public education system and have called for major reforms. For many populations traditionally served by social workers, access to quality education is one of the few avenues available for achieving economic self-sufficiency and some measure of the American dream. Likewise, concern over escalating health care costs has produced unprecedented political debate and initiated far-reaching changes in the financing and delivery of health care in America. The development of fair and equitable systems for the delivery of quality education and health care for all members of the community is important for any community to remain strong and viable.
Kretzmann, J. P. and McKnight, J. L. (1993). Building Communities From the Inside Out: A Path Toward Finding and Mobilizing A Community's Assets. Chicago, IL: ACTA Publications. Chapters 4-6 (Text).
Schorr, Lisbeth B.
(1997). Common Purpose:
Strengthening Families and Neighborhoods to Rebuild America.
New York: Anchor Books. Introduction and Part II: Reforming Systems. (Text)
Bringing it all together
Schorr, Lisbeth B. (1997). Common Purpose: Strengthening Families and Neighborhoods to Rebuild America. New York: Anchor Books. Introduction and Part II: Rebuilding Communities. (Text)
Video: Bertha Gilkey: The Cochran Gardens Tenant Management Corporation
One of the major social phenomenon of the past few years is the rapid growth of the World Wide Web on the Internet. The growth of the World Wide Web has meant that we, as citizens and as professional, have unprecedented ease of access to an astounding array of information. The internet has literally made it possible for us to access information and maintain contact with people and organizations all over the world. Increasingly, our ability to successfully manage human service organizations, to safeguard the scarce resources available to social service programs, and to promote social change will become a function of our ability to locate, manipulate, and synthesize information relevant to program planning and management, public policy, and community resources.
On the World Wide Web, you will find literally thousands of links to information that is relevant to this course. Below I have provided a few links to some of this information. These links are provided as a sample of the kind of information you can find on the internet. I am not advocating on behalf of any of the organizations represented on this list, nor do I necessarily support their positions.
I encourage you to explore these links as a way to begin to develop your skill at accessing information from the internet. If you are not familiar with the internet, you might find it helpful to work through one of the on-line tutorials available on the internet. One that I have found to be particularly helpful is called Internet 101: Introduction to the Internet.
Professional Organizations
National Association of Social Workers
(NASW)
NASW/Missouri
NASW/Texas
Council on Social Work Education (CSWE)
International Federation of Social Workers
(IFSW)
Association for
Community Organization and Social Administration (ACOSA)
Grant Writing and Fundraising
America's Charities
The Grantsmanship Center
GrantSource
Library
Fundraising
and Grantwriting Resources
Nonprofit
Fundraising and Grantwriting
Grantmaker Info
Grant Seeker's
Guide To The Internet
Grantwriting Resources
Administration and Management
Strategic
Planning - Education and Training
Strategic
Planning
Customer
Driven Strategic Planning
Strategic
Planning for Nonprofits
Academcy of Management
Imaginization, Inc.
The Social Work
Manager
The National
Network of Social Work Managers
Non-Profit Organizations
Internet
Resources for Non-Profit Public Service Organizations
Idealist
The Peter F. Drucker Foundation
for Nonprofit Management
Resources for Nonprofits
Internet Nonprofit Center
Nonprofit GENIE
GuideStar
Total Quality Management
Guide to Quality Methods,
Tools, Techniques, and Referneces
The W. Edward Demming Institute
American
Society for Quality Control
Malcolm Baldrige
Criteria Reference Book
Leaders in the Making
Asset-Based Community Development
Asset Based Community Development
Institute (ABCD)
ABCD Neighborhood Leaders
Guide
Bridge Focus
Welfare Information
Network
Companion Resources
Connecticut Assets network
(CAN)
The Madii Institute
Community
Development-Neighborhood Revitalization
The Search Institute
The Georgetown Project
Community-Based Organizations
Civic
Practice Network
Community Development Society
Alliance for National Renewal
Consensus Organizing
Institute
NeighborWorks Network
CYFERNet
Labor/Community Strategy Center
National Housing Institute
Community
Building & Community Organizing
New Social Movements
Network
Habitat for Humanity
People Escaping Poverty Project
Institute for Local Self-Reliance
MIT Center for Coordination
Science
Center for Neighborhood Technology
Resources for Community Practice
Strengths
and Needs Assessment in Impoverished Communities
Sticky Figures: Using a Needs
Assessment
Needs
Assessment Tools
Multimedia Development
Tools
The Citizen's Handbook
Organizing
Training Institute for Careers
in Organizing
A Resource Guide
for Community-Based Economic Development
Community Networking
Resource Site
The Planners Network
Advocacy Organizations
Missouri Association for Social Welfare
Reform Organization of Welfare (ROWEL)
Center for Budget and Policy Priorities
Industrial Areas Foundation
Association of Community Organizations
for Reform Now (ACORN)
Midwest Academy
Public Policy
Missouri State Government Web
Center for Public Policy Priorities
Center on Budget and Policy Priorities
Electronic Policy Network
OMB Watch
The Welfare Information Network
Center for Policy Alternatives
The Center for Law and Social Policy
The Public Involvement Network
Alliance for Justice
Internet Resources for Social Workers
Social Work Access Network
(SWAN)
University of Indianapolis
List of Lists
Gary Holden's WWW Resources
for Social Workers
Social Work History
Station
The Social
Work Resource Directory
The New Social Worker Online
Social Work Search.com
Praxis
HandsNet
On the Lighter Side
The Dilbert Zone
The
Plan
Administratium
Job
Performance Rating Scale
Morale
Social Work
Jokes
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Last updated on 6 January 2001
Send comments to cstreeter@mail.utexas.edu