Questions on the final exam may be taken from among the following:
1. Novinger discusses high-context and low-context cultures, saying
that in low-context cultures a)
personal relations are very important b)
the verbal content of communication carries very specific literal information
c) face-to-face communication is the preferred mode.
2. The polychronic (as opposed to monochronic) concept is typical
of a) North America b) northern Europe c) Latin cultures d) Mediterranean cultures
e) b & c f) c & d
g) a & b
3. According to Novinger, a gesture assigned a specific meaning in a
culture is called a) a tertiary
gesture b) an emblem
c) obscene d)
a gestural index
4. People in collective cultures apparently practice haptic
communication more than those in cultures that stress the individual. Haptics of course, refers to a) eye contact b) touch c) smell d) hearing e) subtle but intense
high-pitched subauditory tremors
5. In Mexico, according to Novinger, the polite way to sit at the
table is with one's hands carefully folded in one's lap. a) True
b) False c) sort of true d)
sort of false e) irrelevant
6. E.T. Hall, as represented by Novinger, suggests that a North
American should be able to adequately understand and describe Mexican culture
in about a) a few weeks b) 6-9 months, c) two years d) more
than five years
7. Novinger suggests that in order to overcome intercultural
communication obstacles it will be necessary to adopt a) an etic approach b) an emic approach c)
a dual etic-emic approach d) a
broad based attic approach
8. Tannen says that since any show of involvement is a threat to independence, and any show of independence is a threat to involvement, a) one needs to threaten both the rowboat of involvement and canoe of independence b) accessibility is the key to the tugboat equation c) indirectness is the life raft of communication d) involved independence is the ferry boat to the land of getting along
9. According to Tannen, when there is miscommunication between you and a friend a) it is a sign that there's something wrong with you b) there is something wrong with your friend c) the relationship is probably in trouble d) don't worry about it; misunderstandings are natural and normal
10. Framing, as Tannen tells it, a) is a way of showing how we mean what we say or do b) figuring out how others mean what they say or do c) is another aspect of indirectness in conversation d) puts the other person at risk of being found out e) a, b, & c f) a & b
11. Footing is a term used by Erving Goffman to refer to a) affection shown between individuals who are in love b) the opposite of necking c) a kind of frame that says the message is to be taken as half in jest d) a kind of frame saying the message is 9/16ths in jest e) a kind of frame that identifies the relationship between speakers
12. A pedestrian is at the crosswalk and a man in a car coming to the
stop sign waves the pedestrian on, saying that she can cross. She waves the car on and waits until the
car is gone to cross. Tannen would say
that she is a) a frame saver b) a frame breaker c) a frame regurgitator d) a frame wearer
13. Tannen says that power and solidarity are a) mutually exclusive b) mutually entailed c) the last refuge of a scoundrel d) paradoxically related to each other e)
a & b f) a, b, & d
14. Tannen says in all our communication, there are considerations of coexisting and conflicting needs for independence and involvement, partly expressed in the balancing of power and solidarity. They are also partly expressed a) in the balancing of the message and the metamessage b) through the balancing of the whole and the part c) in the balancing of the beginning and the end d) in the balancing of tonality and audacity
15. One of H.P. Grice's conversational "maxims" is: (a)
avoid perspicuity (b) be thankful (c) be clear (d) be relaxed
16. If Grice's maxims are seen as norms, then departures from these
norms would be considered (a) unmarked
(b) marked (c) partly marked (d) mostly unmarked
17. Robin Lakoff formulated two rules of pragmatic conversational
competence: (a) be forthcoming and be
clear (b) be clear and be polite (c) be polite and be unassuming (d) be
outspoken and never give ground
18. Lakoff's rules of politeness are (a) don't impose (b) give
options (c) be friendly (d) none of the above (e) a, b, and c
19. Brown and Levinson classify strategies of redress, or
mitigation, for:(a) negative
politeness (b) face threat(ening) acts (c) face wants (d) model persons
20. Negative face wants according to Brown and Levinson include the
desire to be approved of. (a) True (b) false
(c) maybe (d) maybe not
21. The more threatening an act is, according to Brown and
Levinson (a) the more polite and
indirect are the means used to accomplish it
(b) the less polite and indirect are the means used to accomplish
it (c) the less the risk of faces
loss (d) the more the risk of face
loss (e) a & d
22. Studies of interactions between spouses in Japan indicate that
Japanese women (a) are not nearly as deferential to their husbands as their
husbands are to them (b) consistently direct more polite speech to their
husbands than their husbands do to them
(c) are not so close emotionally to their children as are their husbands
(d) are usually angry at the neighbors.
23. Politeness is demonstrated in Japanese through (a) saying "please" and "thank
you" more often than is required
(b) special "respect" markers on nouns, verbs, and modifiers
that show deference toward addressees or referents (c) bowing and shaking the head slightly (d) the simple infixation of happy faces
24. Social stratification is
the hierarchical structuring of groups within a society, and this is likely to
reflect (a) poorly on everyone involved (b) linguistic deficits in the
population as a whole (c) inequalities
among sectors of the population (d) an
economic juncture of power and materialism
25. Social distinctions
influence both the production of speech and its evaluation by community
members. (a) this is true (b) this statement
is false (c) this is true only of religion, education, and ethnicity, but not
of gender, age, or class (d) this statement is a major gaffe.
26. Class refers to a social
stratification system that may be fluid and fluctuating, unlike caste. Class in the USA is structured in terms of
relations and attributes that are (a) social (b) economic (c) political (d) all
of the above.
27. While social class
systems exist on the community level and are based on conflict, division, and
inequality, social networks are on the interpersonal level and are held
together through (a) mutual
admiration (b) network glue (c) consensus (d) social distrust.
28. Who used the following question to study the postvocalic -r in
New York: "Excuse me, where are the women's shoes?"? (a) Nancy
Bonvillain (b) William Labov (c)
William Trudgill (d) Basil Bernstein
29 What can be concluded
about the postvocalic -r in New York?
(a) all classes increased their use of -r as context focused more
attention on pronunciation (b) all
classes are aware of the same general norm giving value to -r pronouncing (c) the phonological variable postvocalic
-r is a significant marker of social
stratification (d) a and b (e) a, b & c)
30. "crossover behavior" by the Lower Middle Class, as
described with respect to postvocalic -r, can be seen as evidence
of (a) social insecurity (b) social mobility (c) linguistic insecurity (d) a and c
(e) a demonstration of municipal law
31. Restricted code, as used by B. Bernstein (a) expresses "universalistic"
meanings that are made more explicit
(b) expresses "particularistic" meanings by using more
context-bound words (c) is accompanied
by more gestures and other non-verbal behavior
(d) relies less on presuppositions.
(e) b and c
32. Two kinds of patterns of gender marked speech show up cross-culturally (a) gender distinctive patterns and gender mismatching patterns (b) gender exclusive patterns and gender preferential patterns (c) sound patterns and phonological patterns (d) male referential patterns and non-male referential patterns.
33. In English women tend to
use fewer dynamic intonational contours than do men, and to have a narrower
range of pitches. (a) true (b) false
(c) first part is true and the second false (d) all of the above
34. Results of several
studies in English show women's greater use of standard pronunciations, and
quicker and more marked style shifting to the standard in increasingly formal
speech contexts. (a) this is true but
not relevant to gender studies (b) this
is indeed what the studies demonstrated
(c) this is false (d) this
result was shown to be amorphous at a recent meeting of the American Linguini
Association.
35. Robin Lakoff claims that
in USA speech women use more (a) absolute declaratives (b) tag questions (c) addressee directed
speech (d) expletives
36. In vocabulary Robin
Lakoff suggests that women use
more (a) migratory patterns (b) hedge words (c) intensifiers (such as "very", "so", or
"extremely") (d) verbs (e) b and c
37.
A study of university faculty meetings showed that men talked up to
(a) their ears (b) four times longer than women
(c) make themselves heard (d) 4 words per minute (e) none of
the above
38. One researcher found that men (a) violate other speakers' turns,
even when they are subordinate to the speaker (b) frequently give up their turn
to a female speaker (c) are pushovers when it comes to active spinal
documentation (d) more frequently honor
their commitments than women (e) love
to shop for clothes.
39. Near matching of the rhythm of movements between a speaker and
the movements of a listener are called (a) transformative motion (b) self-synchronization (c) interactional synchrony (d) secondary mockery
40. According to the movie American Tongues, the language which is most deeply ingrained in your mind is... (a) the language you learned from your spouse. (b) the language you learned from your parents. (c) the language you learned from your teachers. (d) the language you learned from your peers
41. Most words among the Yana (a tribe that lived in California) have
"male" forms and "female" speech forms, and: (a) "male speech" is only used by
males and only to other males (b) "male speech" is used by males to both males and
females (c) "female speech"
is used by females only to females (d)
a & c
42. Miller's law states
approximately: (a) feedback acquired by
the speaker from the hearer requires readjustment of speaker output until
assonance is achieved (b) in order to
understand what another person is saying, you must assume it to be true and try
to imagine what it could be true of.
(c) growth of the capacity for symbolic representation proceeds by
increments of
almost 30 quantae per
year (d) social interactions let a
child understand that language can be used to express personal attitudes and
goals
43. Holophrastic speech (i.e.
one word utterances) occurs by the end of the first year of life, and (a) is followed by a period of babbling
which is in turn followed by a pivot grammar phase [i.e. two word constructions
that are syntactic in nature] (b) it packs a sentence-worth of semantic
attributes and contextual meanings into a single word (c) shares some characteristics
with the hologram (d)
all of the above (e) b & c
44. McNeil says that young
children's thought is at first global and imagistic and then becomes
(a) operationally hip (b) syntactic (c) expansive (d)
expressive (e) diligent
45. Communicative competence concerns. (a) the speaker's ability to produce appropriate utterances (b) the speaker's ability to produce
grammatical sentences (c) the speaker's
ability to create and express fantasies about oneself, others, and the
world (d) the ability to communicate
through counting.
46. An operational definition of 'gossip' used by John Haviland in
Chiapas, Mexico is: (a) malicious discourse about a person (b) conversation about an absent 3rd party (c) spreading rumors about someone (d)
something that you can't say is true and you can't say is false.
47. In contrast with the culture of Japan, which teaches children to
guard their feelings and defer to others, ____
culture encourages discussion and display of emotions. (a) Malagasy (b) Javanese (c)
Samoan
48. With multi‑party interactions, particularly those involving
older children or adults, young children
(a) do as well or better than an adult (b) have more problems than with
two party interactions (c) seem to enjoy partying
49. Backchannel cues are appropriate signals to speakers indicating
active listenership and these signals, (a) are not really backchannel cues (b) require no learning as they are part of
the genetic heritage (c) have to be
learned by children as they are part of the sociolinguistic code (d) can be found in almost every
monologue
50. The matched guise
technique as used in Canadian linguistic studies involves (a) tape recorded
speech of a fluent bilingual in two versions of the same content (b) a bilingual
matching his guise to that of his interlocutor for pecuniary benefit (c) a
recognition technique in which one disguises the voice over the phone (d) a recognition technique in which one
disguises the voice from behind a matching screen.
51. Speech accommodation
theory suggests that when speakers have positive attitudes toward interlocutors
(a) they tend to maintain their own style and even exaggerate it (b) they
converge to the latter's speech styles
(c) they soon develop negative
attitudes toward interlocutors (d) they can't be French Canadians
52. Because it stresses
transitioning bilingual education, the American Bilingual Education act was (a)
basically against bilingualism (b) the strongest
facilitator for bilingualism in this country's history (c) one of the best ways to achieve
bilingualism (d) b & c
53. Numerous researchers have
concluded that (a) bilingual children
are often deeply confused by interference between the two languages in their
heads (b) bilingual children are triggered to violence by discrepant
achievement (c) bilingual children have a cognitive flexibility and a more
diversified set of mental abilities than monolinguals (d) prove that the Sapir‑Whorf hypothesis was dangerously
overstated
54. Three Creole languages have developed in the US in the past few
hundred years. They are (a) Jamaican Creole, Jack Creole, and
Louisiana Creole (b) Cropduster
Creole, Hawaiian Creole, and Haitian Creole
(c) Louisiana Creole, Gullah, and Hawiian Creole (d) Mar‑Petit Creole, Hawaiian Creole,
and Louisiana Creole.
55. Language shift is (a)
usually accomplished by parents refusing to speak their second language to
their offspring (b) usually brought
about by the parents speaking their second language to their offspring (c) usually a matter of pork barrel
political gyration (d) often seen in the dress departments of mega-stores.
56. Compound bilingualism is when the languages are integrated, with
lexical items "coded" under a single concept, whereas coordinate
bilingualism (a) strengthens the nature
of the integration (b) maintains
separate concepts for lexical items (c) is when you know two languages like the
back of your hand.
57. the folk observation with
respect to second language acquisition that "the younger the better"
has been _______ by studies developed to test its truth (a) totally supported (b) supported to a limited extent (c)
negated (d) denied (e) exaggerated to the point of
non-recognition.
58. A useful distinction has
been drawn between situational and conversational varieties of (a) diglossia (b) equestrianism (c)
code switching (d) bilingualism
59. Individuals who are often catalysts for language change include
(a) bilinguals in contact situations
(b) monlinguals in contact situations (c) monolinguals in transformative
situations (d) frequently alternating
variables
60. The most common linguistic result of linguistic and cultural
contact is (a) stable
monolingualism (b) stable bilingualism
(c) borrowing of words (4) syntactic
shift
61. __________studied bilingualism in Paraguay (a) George Miller (b) Morris Swadesh (c)
Joan Rubin (d) Nancy Bonvillain
62. In the Paraguayan countryside the most common language for
initiating courtship is (a)
Spanish (b) English (c) Guaraní
(d) Portuguese
63. A language that is used by non‑native speakers when
interacting with speakers of different languages is called a (a) Creole
(b) Palanca (c) Lingua
Franca (d) Bon Mot
64. Conversational switching has a variety of linguistic and
interactional functions, including (a)
finding lost articles of grooming (b)
language obsolescence (c) alternation
of current (d) marking discourse
boundaries
65. miscommunication can occur in any encounter, and cultural
differences (a) decrease the chances of divergent understandings (b) increase
the chances of divergent understandings
(c) make no difference in the frequency of divergent understandings (d) create an intolerable situation
66. The use of ______ as a form / channel of communication was
explored by E.T. Hall, who classified people and cultures into two types,
monochronic and polychronic. (a)
smell (b) pheromones (c) time (d) pit bulls (e) drums
67. greetings, partings, apologies, thanks, condolences, and
compliments are:
a. speech
acts that typically occur as sequences of exchanges between participants
b. expressed
by routines that all negotiate social solidarity in one way or another
c. frequently
highly predictable and stereotyped in character
d. all of the
above
e. none of the above
68. One allies oneself with a language by (a) learning to love it (b) speaking it (c) using the matched
guise technique (c) living the language
69. When we "deconstruct" a text, laying bare the hidden
assumptions of an idea, statement, or argument, we usually find that a) hidden
arguments and agendas are inherent in the statements (or ideas), b) things are privileged unequally by the
nature of erasure, labeling, stating, etc.
c) that power differences can be shown to inhere in the deconstructed
statement. d) none of the above e) a, b, & c
70. In I'm British, But…, one of the videos we saw this
semester that was about personal and group identity, we heard several
different (a) Chinese people with
British accents (b) British people with
Indian or Pakistani heritage (c)
renditions of "Purple Haze"
(d) versions of the same basic proverb.
71. As discussed in class, with regard to language, the term "unmarked"
can be said to refer to: (a) something that is abnormal or set apart (b)
miscommunication (c) a perfect
exam paper (d) the normal, the natural, the less complex.
72. Redundancy in
conversation functions: (a) as an aid
in comprehension (b) to connect turns
of talk (c) to control the floor in
interaction (d) all of the above (e)
none of the above (f) a & e
73. ambivalence, as distinguished from conflict, is when
(a) one is torn between two
alternatives (b) one is feeling two
ways about one thing (c) one is able to use the right and left hands equally
well (d) one tries to apply the golden
rule
74. The identificational function (or meaning) of the speech
act, or of the communicative act more generally, is most closely associated
with which of the following speech act components: (a) sender (b)
receiver (c) topic (d)
code (e) message form (f) message channel (g)
context.
75. ____________ is the study of sound systems in
language. (a.) phonology (b.) syntax (c.)
paralinguistics (d.) proxemics
76 Deborah Tannen identifies
the "porcupine" type of predicament in interaction as related to our conflicting
needs for (a) certainty and
survival (b) caution and closure (c)
involvement and independence (d) peace and prosperity.
77 . The referential function of the speech act (or communicative
act more generally) is most closely
associated with which of the following speech act components: (a) sender
(b) receiver (c) topic (d)
code (e) message form (f) message channel (g)
context.
78. _____________ involves the study of sentence structures. (a). lexicology (b) phonology
(c.) syntax
(d.) morphology
79 A double bind
according to Tannen is when (a) you run
into something too hot to handle (b)
whatever we do to serve one need violates another (c) first you're caught for speeding and then they search your
car and find drugs (d) You are all tied
up, both literally and figuratively.
80 The poetic function of the speech act s most closely
associated with which of the following speech act components: (a) sender
(b) receiver (c) topic (d)
code (e) message form (f) message channel (g)
context.
81 Vocatives are
linguistic signs that (a) indicate an
organism's desire for some object (b)
attract the hearer's attention and invite participation in situated interaction (c)
assign a name to some object or being
(d) call attention to contextual
items not by naming them but by locating them with respect to the speaker.
82. Deictics are linguistic signs that (a) indicate an organism's desire for some
object (b) attract the hearer's
attention and invite participation in situated interaction (c)
assign a name to some object or being
(d) call attention to contextual
items not by naming them but by locating them with respect to the speaker
83. Tannen, while viewing indirectness (saying one thing and
meaning another) as a valuable means for obtaining rapport as well as for
avoiding confrontation, also sees it as embodying the potential danger of (a)
overreaction (b) misinterpretation (c)
irrelevance (d) perspicuity
84. Interrelationships
between language and hierarchical social models can be demonstrated by
contrasts in evaluations of speaking styles associated with different
groups. A cross-cultural view
demonstrates that a) derogatory labels
demean and depersonalize subordinate groups
b) it is speakers themselves who are socially evaluated and not their
linguistic output in the abstract c)
the truth shall set you free d) a & b
85 . According to E.T. Hall, a situational
frame is (a) the smallest unit of communicative transmission that can be
taught by means of gesture language (b)
the smallest viable unit of a culture that can be analyzed, taught,
transmitted, and handed down as a complete entity (c) the smallest unit of kinesic proximity that has
socio-temporal responsibilities.
(d) the smallest unit in the
syntactic system of a language.
86. E.T. Hall is quoted in Novinger as saying that societies will
order people, situation, or station—but not all three simultaneously. This implies that (a) societies have hierarchical
systems (b) that if you serve people in
a particular order in a given society, it might be in terms of age, or in terms
of the order of their arrival, or in terms of their social rank, but not all
three (c) both a and b.
87. T. Novinger claims that persons in different cultures learn to
learn differently: (a) they may learn
by rote (b) they may learn by
demonstration (c) they may learn by guiding (d)
they may learn by doing (e)
they may learn by any of the above a,b,c, and/or d.
88. T. Novinger says that "emic" refers to (a)
viewing from an internal, intracultural, culture specific perspective (b) viewing from an external, intercultural,
and general perspective (c) viewing from a more objective and
comparative perspective.
89. In linguistics, the term "voicing" refers to
_____________. (a.) communication
(b.) vocal cord vibration (c.)
place of articulation (d.) pitch
90. With regard to human speech, "place of articulation"
refers to where the sound is formed in the mouth. Which of the following examples contains a bilabial
sound? (a) tone (b) mount
(c) crash (d) dart
91. Please select from among the following possibilities, the word in
the English language that contains a voiceless sound. (a)
far (b) done
(c) legs (d)
normal
92. As discussed in class
Berlin and Kay's work in color systems has proven to be of great
significance in anthropology because it raised important issues
concerning: (a) eyeglasses and color-blindness (b)
lexical classification systems and linguistic relativity (c)
sign language and its relationship to color (d) advertising and the
use of color in commercials as a means of subliminal communication
93. Culture as understood in this course can be seen as: (a) a set of symbols and the rules for combining them into sentences that are used and understood by a community of people (b) a dynamically systematic process in which semantic structures are initialized and redacted in tandem with motivational synthesis (c) a construction of reality that is created, shared, and transmitted by members of a group and used to guide and evaluate behavior (d) explicitly ephemeral and implicitly symbiotic (e) an abstract format that employs anthropological techniques of gathering data from observations of people's daily lives.
94. As discussed in class, with regard to language, the term unmarked
can be said to refer to: (a.) something that is abnormal or set apart (b.)
miscommunication (c.) a perfect
exam paper (d.) the normal, the natural, the less complex
95. ______________ is a branch of linguistic study which is most
concerned with word order
in sentences.(a.) phonetics
(b.) syntax (c.)
morphology (d.) phonemics
96. Which of the following is
NOT considered to be a component of the vocal apparatus?
(a.) pharynx
(b.) tongue (c.)
jaw bone (d.) glottis
97. The following exemplifies a corporeal metaphor (metaphor
of the body). (a) my foot hurts (b) join the army (c) she shoulders many
responsibilities (d) take a ride on the
chestnut mare
98. Allophones are: (a). two or more
phonemes. (b). two or more morphemes (c.)
two or more minimal pairs
(d). two or more sounds
representing the same phoneme
99. Which
statement is least likely to be supported by a linguistic
anthropologist?
a. Apologies are issued in different cultural situations according to different rules
and expectations. b.An ethnography of communication must take into consideration the
setting of communication. c.Lexical classifications can reveal something about the
cultural presuppositions of the speakers. d. Every human society uses monetary terms
as metaphors for time, for example, "Time is money", "saving time", "use your
time profitably"
100. When an English speaker says "I make the horse run," a Navajo speaker might say "The horse is running for me." What does this example illustrate, from an anthropological standpoint? (a) That different languages apply different labels to the same universal categories.
(b) That English
speakers have an overdeveloped sense of subjective agency.
(c) That various
cultural presuppositions or attitudes are expressed in differing uses of
language.
(d) That
Navajo speakers have an underdeveloped sense of subjective agency.
101. The act
of promising something is a(n)
(a) locutionary act. ( b) illocutionary act (c) perlocutionary
act (d) involuntary act.
102. Within a
particular semantic domain (for example the domain of kinship terms, snow
terms, terrain terms, animal terms ), the number of distinctions made among
related terms reflects the degree of :
(a) cultural interest in that domain.
(b). cultural confusion based on contact with speakers of other
languages. (c). evolutionary development of the group in
question. (d) differentiation among
speakers according to social status..
103. The
possibility of change in the semantic domain of animal names was illustrated in
lecture by the example of the Tzeltal word chih, the meaning of which has
changed over time from 'deer' to 'sheep'. This example also illustrates
a. the animal
of greater cultural interest is given the unmarked term..
b. that the
animal known for the longest time is given the unmarked term.
c. the
influence of Spanish syntax on the indigenous language.
d. universal
patterns in the development of ungulates.
104. I saw Ann
on the West Mall, and said "Hi." She responded with "How's it
going?" Our two utterances a. shared
a similar function. b. shared a similar form c. were
syntactically equivalent d. were clearly differentiated by
honorific elements. e. were linked by
sonority and acumen.
105. The idea
of cultural presuppositions with regard to language suggests a) that the use of advertising to change people's
minds is a threat to culture. b) that
languages which have been spoken longer are less susceptible to change based on
influence from non-speakers. c) that participants bring cultural models and
background knowledge transmitted through language to
a speech interaction. d) that language can never show an ethnographer the exact nature
of
social hierarchy in a particular speech
community. e) all of the above.
106. The linguistic mechanism selected to do an FTA depends on three social factors according to Brown & Levinson: (a) social distance and power and ranking of imposition (b) power and social class and gender (c) religious freedom and academic excellence and forthrightness (d) class, ethnicity, and social expectations
107. Settings can
be classified along a continuum of formality – informality. Which of the following characterizes informal
settings: (a) increased
structuring (b) emphasis on public
("positional") identities of participants (c) emergence of a central situational focus (d)
emphasis on private ("personal") identities.
108. A phoneme
could NOT be seen as (a) a class
of phonetically similar allophones that are in complementary distribution (b) the fundamental unit of organization in
the sound system of a language (c) a
morphological unit signaling grammatical meaning (d) a bundle of distinctive features which are present in the
overt manifestation of speech (e) a
minimum meaningful unit of sound in a language
109. One could
fairly say that the power of language is not only that values attached to words
reveal attitudes of speakers, but also that:
(a) words are values in and of themselves (b) words are used to create compatible attitudes in
hearers (c) words are redolent with
historicity (d) words themselves reveal
verisimilitudes. (e) all of the above
110. The
Silent Language, Beyond Culture, and Portraits of the Whiteman were all written
by either (a) Nancy Bonvillain or Edward T Hall, (b) Robert L. Young or
Keith Basso (c) Keith Basso or Edward T
Hall (d) Deborah Tannen or Keith Basso.
111. Honorifics
are: (a) linguistic markers that signal
respect toward an addressee (b) speech
act participants who retain honored status even in the kitchen (c )
forms of speech showing that the speaker expects respect from the
addressee (d) specification of a
communal goal in which everyone present is honored by each other's presence.
112. Non-reciprocal
use of the pronouns referred to in
lectures as T and V (and could be thought of as familiar and formal
respectively) generally expresses that the relationship between the
interlocutors is one involving (a) solidarity (i.e. a form of intimacy) (b) power inequality (expressed through
deference and condescension) (c) non-conformity (i.e. iconoclastic
carmudgeonry) (d) a change in
demeanor (e) an expression of pop
culture
113. Another word for "semantic
content" is (a.)
sound (b.) word
(c.) allophones (d.) meaning
114. Thinking that one's own culture is superior
to all others is often referred to as _________ thinking. (a)
reaganic (b) ethnocentric (c) wishful (d) ergonomic (e)
generic
115. According to the lecturer, the evolution of
language seems to have been in the direction of (a) allowing for the expression of emotions while attaching fewer
environmental specifications to the sign system (b) unloading affect from the sign system and coding more of
the environmental variables into the sign system (c) allowing most of us to be "people" persons. (d)
adapting to simpler social systems by decreasing the number of absolute
symbols.
116. Two different ways of asking someone to
pass the salt can illustrate (a) how
two different people might employ their language to accomplish the goal of
having the salt passed (b) how the
same speaker might employ two different locutions to accomplish the goal of
having the salt passed (c) a and b (d) how segmentation in the speech
community levels differences for the common goal of hegemony
117. According to the lecturer it has been
demonstrated that within the first 20 minutes after birth an infant
demonstrates interactional synchrony with respect to its
caretaker/parent. a) true b) false
118. Backchannel cues are (a) measures of redundancy (b) listener responses signaling active
listenership (c) observational
techniques emphasizing one's own or another's contribution (c) conversational postulates suggesting
that departures from the norm are marked
119. In all known societies principles of conversation
structure include a principle that
one person talks at a time.
(a) true (b) false
(c) dubious (d) temperate
120. Tannen suggests that there is an aesthetic
pleasure attendant upon communicative indirectness (a)
she does not (b) yes she does (c) she might and she might not
(d) she doesn't actually, but if she thought about it she probably
would.
121. In institutional settings a) arbitration can deliver nearly accurate
mitigation. b) hierarchical structuring
is usually nullified by dependence on the vocal-auditory channel c)
there are usually more intensifies, hedges, hesitations, and polite
forms
d) roles are distributed and interactions are managed in terms of pre-assigned
rights and constraints