CHOLTI PROJECT 1

 

 

 

This project is one of putting Spanish glosses online from Moran's Cholti [Manche Chol] dictionary and providing them with transcriptions and interpretations of the Cholti that accompanied them, along with information that may be pertinent to the transliteration or other aspects of the entry in Moran's Cholti dictionary.    I'll be putting one or a few words on line each day or so, and hoping that I can get feedback from interested parties so that ultimately there will be a well done Cholti dictionary that can be used by all, online.  Thanks are due Randa Marhenke for excellent editorial feedback.  My source was a photocopy of 68 pages taken from William Gates' 1935 facsimile edition of what appears to be someone's handwritten copy of Francisco Moran's handwritten material on the language currently known as Cholti, but also referred to in the literature as Manche Chol. 

 

It has been suggested in John Dienhart's annotation to Gates' work, that the letter  l.  found in the facsimile refers to forms in Lacandón added for comparison:

 

                GATES, WILLIAM  1935 Arte y diccionario en lengua cholti. Baltimore: The Maya Society, Publication No. 9. (7 + 24 + 16 + 68 pp.) This is a facsimile edition by Gates in 1935 of (Berendt's copy of?) a 1695 copy of Francisco Moran's work, ca. 1635. The work opens with introductory notes by Gates; then comes an "Arte en lengua cholti" (24 pp.); this is followed by a "Confesionario en lengua cholti" (16 pp.); and last but not least is a "Vocabulario en lengua cholti" (68 pp.). The final page bears the following identification: "En este pueblo de Lacandones llamado de la Señora de los Dolores, en 24 de Junio, dia de San Juan, de 1695 años." Gates (p. 5) rightly places this manuscript "in the very front rank of importance for our historical and linguistic study of the whole Mayan family." In addition to supplying a wealth of information on Chol(ti), it appears to offer enticing clues to the nature of Lacandon at this time: many of the Chol(ti) entries are followed by a linguistic form introduced by the letter "l". It seems quite likely that these are Lacandon forms added for comparative purposes.

(http://maya.hum.sdu.dk/mayabiblioauth.html  Dienhart, John M. The Mayan Languages- A Comparative Vocabulary, electronic version, Odense University, 1997).

 

This is a valuable hypothesis, and may well be the case, but the Lacandón referenced does not necessarily refer to the Lacandón Maya that is closely related to Yucatec Maya.  In some Colonial period manuscripts of Guatemalan provenience the term Lacandón was applied to any lowland speakers of a Mayan language who were considered to be "wild".   To this day in Guatemala the name Lacandón is applied in the same way with "wild" referencing males having long hair.  Thompson, in Maya History and Religion, discusses the "Lacandon" of the Colonial period (1970:27-32, 66-69) and the town renamed by the Spaniards Nuestra Señora de Los Dolores (1970:27-32) and discusses the Manche Chol in several places including pp. 61-64.  Hellmuth also gives a useful bibliography bearing on the question of who the Lacandones were:

Hellmuth, Nicholas M.  1970 A bibliography of the 16th-20th century Maya of the Southern lowlands: Chol, Chol Lacandon, Yucatec Lacandon, Quejache, Itza, and Mopan, 1524-1969. Greeley, Museum of Anthropology, University of Northern Colorado. Occasional publications in anthropology. Archaeology series ; no. 2. [F 1346 .O25 no. 2]

Data in the Cholti dictionary itself are still ambiguous on the question.   Taking the word for 'sleep' as an example we can see the hypothesis that  l.  refers to a language of the Yucatecan family to be a plausible one.   The meaning 'sleep' is realized in most Mayan languages as a form built on the root  way or war / wir (with Mamean languages having wat / wit / wut ).  The Yucatecan languages Yucatec, Lacandón, and Itza have a different root  wen.   In the Cholti dictionary we find the entry

 

adormecer                  adormeser   vaines  l. vanes  // waynes  '(tv) make sleep, make sleepy'

(cf. pCh *way 'sleep')

                                    wanes '(tv) make sleepy, cause to sleep'  (cf. pCh *way 'sleep';

YUC wen 'dormir')

 

in which the form prefaced by l., <vanes> transliterated here as  wanes has the final consonant n (though not the expected vowel e) that conforms well to what would be expected from a Yucatecan language, i.e. the one whose descendant of today is called Lacandón.

 

On the other hand, the Cholti dictionary entry for avocado suggests the l. could refer to a Cholan language.

 

aguacate                     vn   l. hun;   hun es papel tambien // un  'avocado' 

                                    (cf. CHR un 'avocado'; pCh *un 'avocado'; YUC, CHL on  'avocado';

                                    pM *ooN 'avocado');

                                    jun  'paper' (cf. pCh *hun 'paper, book')

 

The vowel /u/  in the word for 'avocado' is characteristic of the Cholan languages and for the most part restricted to them, whereas most of the other Mayan languages employ the vowel /o/ coming from a proto-Mayan word reconstructed to have a long vowel / o: /  written here as / oo /.  This suggests that the word following the  l.  (as well as that preceding it) is from a Cholan language.

 

Robert Wald appears to have neatly answered the question of what l. intends:  "This is an abbreviation used in most of the Colonial dictionaries and stands for the Latin word licit, literally 'it is allowed' (Simpson 1960:345).  This abbreviation is used to present an alternative form or variant of the same word" (unpublished dissertation draft 2007:263).   The reason for the variation, and where it came from is of course not given by this explanation, so I have let the preceding paragraphs stand for whatever light they might shed on the possible sources of the variation.

 

 

WEB VERSION   For the web version, at the far left the modern Spanish version of the Moran's Spanish entry is in Bold type, then follows Moran's original entry for the Cholti, and if the Spanish differs from the modern in orthography that is included also.   This is followed by double slashes // which are directly followed by a suggested transliteration in bold type of the Cholti word and then an English gloss.   After that in parentheses, and in red type, comes comparative notes from other Mayan languages suggesting the basis for transcription and transliteration decisions that I've made, along with some other notes deemed pertinent.  In blue type related entries in this Cholti dictionary are referenced.   For the web version, the sound given the letter <h>  by Moran will be represented by j .  Proto-Cholan *j and *h  merged as j in the daughter languages Chorti, Cholti, Chol, and Chontal.

 

 

 

CHOLTI Dictionary

 

 

abajar                          abajar la cabesa   chincun;  inclinasion //  chinkun 

'(iv) lower the head, bow the head; lower self, bend over'

(cf. YUC  chinkunah 'abajar la cabeza o humillarse' (bv:);

                                    chin '(pv) bow, grovel' [br:71];

ITZ chinkuna'an  'bent over/agachado' [ho:206])

                                    [Cholan cognate forms appear to be absent.]

(cf. boca abajo)

 

abanico                       u calh.  pictalca u ut //    wajl  'fan'  [it is likely that ucalh on

the m.s. is a miscopying of  *< uaalh >, representing the

                                    word wajl 'abanico/fan';  n.b. consonant-h  sequence

is elsewhere in the ms seen to represent  h-consonant sequence]

(cf. YUC wal 'abanico'; pCh *wehl-A '(tv) fan') 

CHR wajri '(tv) fan, winnow, sweep' (wi:752)]); [Randa Marhenke

has confirmed from Berendt's copy that the Gates copyist erred in

writing ucalh for uaalh]             

                                    pik-tal ka-wut 'fan [fan (for) our face]' (cf.  LAC pikit k'ak'

'fan for fire' (bruce:264); YUC pikit  'abanico, aventar',

MOP piiktik  'mover, soplar, abanicar'; TZO pik-bail

                                    'caressing (illicit)'; pCh *(h)ut  'eye, face';

                                    (cf. soplar fuego)

 

abarcar                       locho   //  loch'o  'to encompass, embrace, take in' 

                                    (cf.  pCh *loch' 'take in the hand'; CHL loch'

                                    '(adv.) en los brazos;  (vt) sacar liquido con las

                                    manos';  TZO loch'ol '(aj) encircling object,

                                    perched'; loch' tomar agua con las manos'; [but cf.                        

                                    YUC  loch  'tener,  sostener, abrazar']) (cf. apretar con..)

 

abatir                          cahtez //  k'ajtes  '(tv) bring down, fell, demolish'

                                    (cf. YUC k'ah 'quebrar cosas largas'; pCh *k'Aj

                                    '(tv) harvest corn')

                       

abeja                           yalquijl //  yalk'il (chab)  'bee (lit. "domestic animal (honey/bee)")'

                                    (cf. CHR u yark'ir chab  'bee' (wi:1O43)); YUC  aal-ak'  animal

                                    domestico; compañero'; CHL alAk'Al, alAk'il 'animal domestico');

                                    (cf. animal manso, caballo, abejas grandes)

 

abejas grandes           avejas grandes    alchab  //  al chab  'large bee' (cf.

                                    pCh *al 'female's offspring'; *chab 'honey')

 

abierto                        patzal  //  pasal 'open' (cf. CHR pasar 'excreting,

                                    opening up', pasi 'open open up, break open'

                                    (wi:558); CHN pas- '(iv) leave, go out, give birth

                                    (kn:447); CHL pasel '(iv) salir (sol); brotar (planta)'

[cf. Kaufman and Norman's "pCh *pAtz'  '(p) ancho, abierto /

                                    wide open' (CHL,CHT, no outside cognates)", if we

                                    take away the CHT, then this is not reconstructible,

                                    but *pas '(iv) sprout, open up, break out'  is

                                    reconstructible and should be added to pCh ])

 

ablandar                      biti,   cunlez,   yoto   //   bit'i   '(tv) soften'

                                    (cf.  YUC bit'  'magullar u oprimir con los dedos'); 

                                    k'unles  '(tv) soften' (cf. pCh *k'un '(aj)

                        soft, mild') (cf. maduro; acallar; sosegar);

                                    yot'o  '(tv) soften' (cf. pCh *yot' '(tv) press on belly, massage')

 

aborrecer                    aborreser   illi; lugar de destierro tambien  //  ili

                                    '(tv) abhor' (cf. pCh *ihl-i '(tv) aborrecer,

                                    odiar / hate'; YUC il 'enojarse, desgracia', ilil 

                                    'perversion, vicio, ilicito, vedado'; TZO ila'al 

                                    '(female speech) disgustingness, looseness'; TZE 

                                    ilin 'se enojo');

                                    ili[b] 'place of exile, abhorred place'

(cf. aborrecido; lugar de destierro; agrio)

 

aborrecido                  illinbil;  desterrado tambien //  ilinbil  'abhorred;

                                    exiled' (cf. aborrecer)

 

abrazado                     abrasado   mequel  //  mek'el  '(aj) embraced /abrazado'

                                    (cf.  CHL  mek'  '(tv) abrazar')  (cf. abrazar)

 

abrazar                        meque  //  mek'e  '(tv) embrace / abrazar'  (cf. YUC  mek' 

                                    '(tv) abrazar, llevar o traer en los brazos';  pCh

                                    *mek' 'embrace, hug'; CHL mek'  'abrazar') (cf.

                                    abrazado)

 

abrir                            patza.  hebe,  vo activo  //  pasa  '(tv) open' (cf.

                                    CHR pasar 'excreting, opening up', pasi 'open

                                    open up, break open' (wi:558); CHN pas- '(iv) leave,

                                    go out, give birth (kn:447); CHL pasel '(iv)

                                    salir (sol); brotar (planta)'; cf. pCh *pAs

                                    '(tv) show, uproot, uncover') (cf. abierto);

                                    jebe  '(tv) open' (cf. YUC heb 'abrir' (bv:193);

                                    MOP hebik '(tv) abrir'; ITZ hebik 'abrirlo'

                                    (sch:95); pCh *jAb  '(tv) open; uncover; empty')

 

abrirse las orejas       hocho  // joch'o  '(tv) abrirse las orejas / to pierce one's ears' 

                                    (cf.  YUC  hoch'   'barrenar, horadar, agujerear

                                    como con barrena';  CHL  hoch'  'inyectar'; TZE (bach) joch'

carcoma')  (cf. agujerear; embutir)

 

abuela                         mim;  chich  // mim 'grandmother (paterna, o bisabuela

                                    materna)' (cf. pCh *mim 'grandmother'); 

                                    chich  'abuela maternal / maternal grandmother' 

(cf. pCh *chich 'grand-mother; elder sister';  YUC  chich 

'abuela materna, esposa del nieto del abuelo, hijo de su

                                    hijo, concuña del hombre')

 

abuelo                         mam  //  mam  'grandfather' (cf. pCh *mam 'grandson;

                                    grandfather; nephew') (cf. idolo, nieto)

 

[abujar]                       (cf. abajar)

 

abundancia                 abundansia   vy onil  - de oro  // uy-onil '(its) abundance

                                    (e.g. of gold)' (cf. YUC on 'muchos, mucho', uy  '3rd sing

possessive pronominal prefix'; CHL on 'bastante') (cf. multiplicar)

 

acabar                         acabar, desistir   mayilez;  guerra o plaga;  lacael,  neuo,  idem 

// mayiles '(tv) stop (war or plague)';

(cf. KEK may '2O (=  a "completion")'

                                    laj-kael '(iv) be stopped, stop' (cf.  pCh *laj  'acabar';

KEK lajk  'acabarse, terminarse, gastarse');

 

acabar2                       capez;  capael. acabar de aser alguna cosa  // k'ap'es '(tv) finish';

                                    (CHR k'ab'es '(tv) finish anything, bring to an end, complete');

                                    k'ap'ael  'be finished (doing something)'  (CHR k'ab'aj '(iv) come to an

                                    end, finish, stop doing something') (cf. KEK  q'apliik  'llegar a la cumbre')

[the Chorti is most clearly and closely cognate, and Chorti does not distinguish p' from b, so Cholti p here should likely be a p' since it is

written with a p and corresponds to a Chorti b']

 

acabarse                     capez  // k'ap'es  'finish' (cf. acabar2)

 

acabarse una cosa      capael  vono   // k'ap'ael  'be finished doing something' (cf. acabar2)

                                    [vono refers to 'intransitive verb']

 

acallar                         acallar, halagar   cunu  // k'unu '(tv) to quiet down,

                                    calm down; treat tenderly' (cf. pCh *k'un '(aj)

soft, mild';  CHR k'uni  '(tv) pacify, mollify, placate',

k'un 'softness, tenderness, calm, serenity')   

(cf. maduro; ablandar; sosegar)

 

acedia                         asedias pa. inti;  chaic inti  ticav in pucsical //

                                    paj in-ti'  'I have heartburn, I have acid' (cf. pCh *paj '(aj) rancio,

agrio',  *in-  '1st person singular pronoun', *ti' 'mouth');

                        ch'ahik in-ti'  'I have heartburn, I have acid'

                                    (cf. pCh *ch'ah '(aj) amargo/bitter', *ti' 'mouth');

                                    tikaw in-puksik'al  'I have heartburn, I have acid' 

                                    (cf. pCh *tikAw 'hot/caliente', *puksik'al 'heart')

 

acepillar                      asepillar, agusar     huca  //   huk'a  '(tv) brush (wood,

                        teeth), sharpen, whet, plane, shave' (cf. pCh *huk' 

                                    'whittle, sharpen, rub'; CHR  juk'i  'file, sharpen, scrape, rub';

CHL huk'  '(tv) cepillar, afilar') (cf. aguzar)

 

acercar                        asercar   natz tez  //  natz'tes  '(tv) bring near'  (cf. pCh *natz'

'(p) nearby'; YUC  netz'  'acercar')

 

achicar                        tzeclez -- disminuir. apocar // sek'les '(tv) diminish,

                                    reduce, make smaller' (cf. CHL sek'  '(tv) tumbar',

                                    sek'el  '(aj) tumbado';  CHN sek' '(nc) pieces of

                                    cut off wood or cloth', sek' '(tv) cut with a machete')

(cf. disminuir)

                      

achiote                        quivi   quimuzan  //  kiwi'  'achiote, anatto' (cf.  CHR kiwi' 'achiote';

                                    YUC kiwi  'achiote en panecillos', ITZ kiwi', 'achiote'); 

                                    k'i[n]-musan kiwi' 'winter anatto, Christmas

                                    anatto' (cf. CHL musmusna 'lloviznando /drizzling'; 

                                    TZE k'in ha'al 'drizzling rain, light rain')

                                    (cf. achiote de navidad)

 

achiote de navidad     zutzil quivi;  de invierno.  yaxquinil // sutz'il

                                    kiwi'  'Christmas anatto, winter anatto' (cf. CHR sutz' 'bat',

                                    kiwi' 'achiote'; CHL sutz' 'murcielago');

                                    yax-k'inil kiwi'  'dry season anatto, spring anatto'

(cf. CHR yax k'in 'dry season')

                                    (cf. achiote de resurcion; achiote)

 

achiote de resurcion        yaxquinil quivi,  berano  //  yax-k'inil kiwi' 

                                    'spring anatto, dry season anatto' 

(cf. achiote de navidad; achiote)

 

aclarar                        tuchcael. patzael; desir o descubrir.  ala  //

                                    tuch'k'ael 'clarify, clear up' (cf. pCh *tuch'  '(tv) point out, show');

CHR tuch'i  'point out, point at', pask'aj '(iv) clear up, open itself');

(cf. declarar)

                                    pasael  '(tv) clarify, make clear, clear up' (cf. CHR pasi '(tv) open,

                                    open up, apask'ah u'ut e k'in 'the sky becomes clear';

                                    pCh *pAs '(tv) show; uproot; uncover');

                                    ala  'discover, uncover, say, tell' (cf. pCh *Al (-*hAl ) '(tv) say')

 

acompañar                  etoqui.   achoquin  //  et'oki  '(tv) accompany' (cf.

                                    MOP et'ok  'compañero'; pCh *et'ok  'compañero, con/with'); 

                                    a'chokin  '(tv) accompany' (cf. CHL wa'chokon  'edificar,

                                    levantar (persona, palo), nombrar a un puesto'; CHR wa' '(tv) being,

being in a place or condition') (but cf. pM *ety- ~ *aty-  'fellow-'; and

if the *aty- were related, then the CHT should be achokin, but

the entry for acompañar2 seems to decide the issue)

(cf. acompañar2; amigo; levantar; parar) 

 

acompañar2                vachoquin   l.  achoquin;   vabun.  parar  //  wa'chokin

                                    '(tv) accompany' (cf. CHL wa'chokon  'edificar,

                                    levantar (persona, palo), nombrar a un puesto'; CHR wa' '(tv) being,

being in a place or condition')

                                    (cf. acompañar; levantar; presentar);

                                    a'chokin '(tv) accompany' (cf. CHL wa'chokon  'edificar,

                                    levantar (persona, palo), nombrar a un puesto'; CHR wa' '(tv) being,

being in a place or condition')

                                    wa'bun 'stand up' (cf. CHR wa'bu [wa'p'u]

                                    'accost, stop or halt anything, set aside, put in

                                    place') (cf. compañero; amigo; levantar, parar)

 

acobardar                   [acorbardar]   tzepael,  1o neuo  //  sep'ael

                                    '(tv) intimidate' (cf.  pCH *sep' '(tv) pinch'; ;  ITZ sep' 'cut with

scissors'; but cf. YUC sep  'carve wood',  se  'maltratar con golpes,

azotes o coces')

 

acordarse                    cahal.  cahpael.  cahpez  // k'ahal 'remember';

                                    k'ahp'ael '(iv) be remembered';

                                    k'ahp'es  '(tv) remember' (cf. CHR k'aj, k'ajyar  'remembrance,

remembering', k'ajbu 'remember, recognize, recollect';

CHL k'ahtesan 'acordarse';  TZE (bach) k'ahyel 'acostumbrarse';

YUC k'ah 'acordar, recordar; k'ahlay  '(n) historia, relato')

 

acortar                        comlez  //  komles  'to shorten'  (cf. CHR kom [kohm] 'short, low' (wi:);

pCh *kom 'short')

 

acostar al niño            chopin.  chopes  //  chopin  '(tv) lay (child) down';

                                    chopes  '(tv) lay (child) down'  (cf. pCh *chop

                                    'lying on the ground') (cf. acostarse)

 

acostar a otro             chopin.  coilez  //  chopin  '(tv) lay s.o. down';  (cf. pCh *chop

'lying on the ground');

                                    koyles  '(tv) lay s.o. down'  (cf. TZO koyol '(aj)

                                    sitting close to ground w/ legs spread apart';

                                    YUC koy  'sesgado, sereno, sosegado, manso,

                                    tranquilo');  (cf. acostarse)

 

acostarse                    chop.  coital;  acostar, choptez  // chop  '(iv) lie

                                    down' (cf. pCh *chop 'lying on the ground');

                                    koytal  '(iv) lie down' (cf. TZO koyol '(aj)

                                    sitting close to ground w/ legs spread apart';

                                    YUC koy  'sesgado, sereno, sosegado, manso,

                                    tranquilo');

                                    choptes '(tv) lay down' (cf. acostar a otro)

 

acostumbrado             cahinahel  // k'ahynahel  'being accustomed, habituated''

                                    (cf. pCh *k'ahy '(iv) get used to/acostumbrarse')

                                    (cf. acostumbrar)

 

acostumbrado2           estoi acostumbrado   cahii en l.   cahiih en  //

                                    k'ahy-en, k'ahyij-en 'I am accustomed, habituated'

                                    (cf. pCh *k'ahy '(iv) get used to/acostumbrarse', *-en

'1st person sing. absolutive pronoun);

                                    (cf. acostumbrado; acostumbrar)  

                     

acostumbrar               cayez  //   k'ahyes '(tv) habituate, accustom' (cf.

                                    acostumbrado, acostumbrado2)

 

actualidad                   yual  // iwal '(p) now, actuality' (cf. pCh *wAl  'ahora,

                                    hoy / now, today ; progressive aspect marker')

 

Adán                           adan     baxan mi,   hoc est,   primer padre  //  baxan mi  

                                    'Adán/Adam (the first father)' (cf. CHT baxan

                                    'primero',  mi 'padre') (cf. primero; padre)

 

adelgazar                    adelgasar     hailes  //  jayles  '(tv) thin, cause to

                                    get thin' (cf. pCh *jay  '(aj) thin') (cf. ralo;

                                    cosa delgada; adelgazar)  

                     

adiestrar                     hueban;  mas proprio.  zantez  //  jueb'an  'instruct, train,

guide, lead' (cf. CHN ye'b'en  '(tv) teach, train', ye'e' '(tv)

show, demonstrate'; pM *ye' 'show';  YUC wesah  '(tv) mostrar';

santes 'teach, train' (cf. CHR san  'increase, swelling, spreading

out' [wi:627])

                                    (cf. agudo, agudo2, templar, tender)

 

adobe                          xan  // xan  'adobe'  (cf. Nahuatl  xami:tl  'adobe';

CopZOQ  samit 'adobe')

 

adonde, por donde      tuba //  tu-b'a  'where to, where at''

(cf. pCh *b'a 'interrogative morpheme', *tA 'to, in, at',

*u- '3rd sing ERG',)

 

adorar                         aulu  //  awlu  '(tv) worship'  (cf. p-Mayan *aaw  'shout';

pCh *aw 'grito / shouting'; Tz'n *aw; p-Mixean  *Aw 'sing';

YUC awat  'grito';) (cf. dar voces, llamar dando voces, adorar)

 

adormecer                  adormeser   vaines  l. vanes  // waynes  '(tv) make

                                    sleep, make sleepy' (cf. pCh *way 'sleep')

                                    wanes '(tv) make sleepy, cause to sleep'  (cf. pCh

                                    *way 'sleep'; YUC wen 'dormir')

 

adornar                       (cf. afeitar, adornar)

 

a duras penas             tama ya:  frase  // tama ya 'barely, just barely, hardly'

(cf. CHR tama 'inside, in, within, at'; 

pCh *tamal '(adv) in(side)', CHR  ya'r 'a bit, little bit')

 

afear                           lobtez;   loblauel.    neuo  //  lobtes  '(tv) to make ugly, ruin' 

(cf.  YUC  lob 'cosa mala, ruin')

                                    loblawel '(iv) be ugly' (cf. malo; feo; fea cosa)

 

afeitar                         çuçu  // susu  'to smooth, to shave, to scrape'

(cf. pCh *sus '(tv) raspar, pelar, rebanar/peel, scrape,slice;

CHR susi  'peel off, smooth down [by shaving or paring]';

CHL susun '(tv) raspar', susubil 'raspado/scraped')

                                    (cf. afeitar, adornar)

 

afeitar, adornar          nauali;  zuznael.   razurar //   nawali  [or nabali] 

                                    '(iv) beautify' (cf. QUI nabah 'anoint oneself,

                                    shave w/ ointment, nab 'women's toilette') [but

                                    n.b. that CHT has nabi 'tiznar/ to soil with soot'

suggesting b can be written as b in this context,

so w is probably indicated for CHT]; 

                                    susnael  '(iv) be shaved' (cf. pCh *sus '(tv) peel,

                                    scrape'; CHL susun '(tv) raspar'; YUC sas-ba

                                    'afeitarse') (cf. navaja; afeitar)

 

afeite                           naual; adornar, hermosear alguna cosa  //  nawal  [or possibly

                                    nabal ]  '(n) cosmetics, makeup, adornment' (cf. QUI

                                    nabah 'anoint oneself, shave w/ ointment, nab

                                    'women's toilette' (ed:76) [but cf. also YUC nawal

                                    'un baile prohibido'; QUI nawal 'linked spirit,

                                    power, evil spirits, knower' < Nahuatl (ed:78)])

                                    (cf afeitar; afeitar, adornar)

 

afligirse                       ayalnagel;   otro   ayototnagel //  ay-al-najel '(iv) grieve'

(cf. CHT aya 'haber, tener', al 'niño';

YUC nahel  'de balde, en vano; cosa miserable y desdichada de

                                    quien se ha de tener lastima'; pCh *al 'woman's child';

CHL y-al  'su niño);

ay-otot-najel '(iv) grieve' (*pCh  *otot 'house')

(cf. haber, tener)

 

agradecer                   agradeser      mala,  retornar   l.  coteznahel  //

                                    mala 'to return (a favor); thank' (cf. CHN mala

                                    '(adv) reciprocal action'; CHL mAl '(tv) aguantar [trabajo]'); 

k'otesnajel 'thank, show gratitude to' (cf. pCh *k'ot  '(iv) llegar

allá';  pM *q'ot  'arrive elsewhere'; CHR k'ot 'arrive (at)', k'otes

'bring';  CHL k'otel  'llegar (alla)');  (cf. dar gracias; llegar) 

 

agrandar                     (cf. añadir2)   

        

agrio                            pa - apretando bien los dientes;  ilabic  //  paj  '(aj) agrio/bitter'

(cf. pCh *paj '(aj) rancio, agrio') (cf. acedia); 

                                    ilab'ik  'bitter' (cf. pCh *ihl-i '(tv) aborrecer,

                                    odiar/hate'; [but cf. pCh *lab'  'hechizo/witchcraft']

 

agua                            ha;  fria. sis;  caliente. ticau; tibia. zacticual,  // ha'  '(n) water'

(cf. pCh *ha' 'water');

                                    sis 'fria (e.g. de agua)' (cf. pCh *sis '(aj) cold'; CHR  sis  'cold';

YUC sis, siis 'frío,  fresco'; [pUto-Aztecan *si, *sip 'cold']); 

                                    tikaw  'caliente/warm, hot (e.g. water)' (cf. CHL 

                        tikAw 'caliente'); 

                                    sak tikwal 'lukewarm (e.g.  of water)') (cf. pCh

                                    *sAk '(aj) white'); 

 

aguacate                     vn   l. hun;   hun es papel tambien // un  'avocado' 

                                    (cf. CHR un 'avocado'; pCh *un 'avocado'; YUC, CHL on  'avocado';

                                    pM *ooN 'avocado');

                                    hun  'paper' (cf. pCh *hun 'paper, book')

 

aguacero                     aguasero resio    tzatzat ha  // tzatzat ha'  'strong

                                    downpour'  (cf. pCh *tzAtz 'hard, strong', *ha'

                                    'water, rain')

 

agua clara                   agua clara, berde azul  //  yax ha'  'clear water'

                                    (cf. pCh *ha' 'water', yAx 'green, blue')

 

agua fría                     (cf. agua)

 

agua menuda              puz puz;  palpal ha  //  putz'putz' 'rapids'

(cf. pCh *putz' '(iv) huirse/flee')

                                    palpal ha'  'rapids' (cf. CHR palal ha' 'rapids,

                        in stream where water is forced through many

                                    stones'; CHL palal '(aj) arracimado'; YUC paal

                                    'muchacho de poca edad']

 

agua remanso             (cf. agua represada) 

 

agua represada          agua rrepresada   hetzol ha;  remanso tambien  // 

                                    hetz'ol ha'  'dammed up water' (cf. pCh *hetz'

                                    '(tv) calm, set down', *ha' 'water') (cf. sosegar)

 

aguardar                     cohcon,  de cocnahel,  neuo  //  kojkon  '(iv) wait, await, be

held for, keep watch' (cf. CHR kojko 'watch, wait, wait for,

protect, guard', kojkbir 'watched, guarded';  YUC  kokom 'el

que escucha con atencion';  KEK xokok  'guardar, recoger',

koko 'amarrado';  [n.b. k&n give a reconstructed pCh *k'ok' 

'(aj) sano, aguardado/safe that they say occurs only in CHL

and CHT and has no outside cognates]

(cf. guardar; dia de fiesta; dia de guarda);

                                    koknajel   '(iv) be awaited, kept watch for' (cf. pCh  *-n-aj  'passive

form of derived transitive'; CHT, CHR  -el  'incompletive suffix on both

root and derived intransitives);

 

agua tibia                    (cf. agua)

 

agudo                          çançan u pucsical; çac uti -- abil, lo mismo  //  

                                    sansan u-puksik'al '(aj) acute, witty  (person)';

(cf. pCh *puksik'al 'heart'; CHR  san 'increase, swelling, spreading out'; CHN  sAn-sAn  '(aj) well stretched out'); (cf. adiestrar; agudo2,

tender, templar)

                                    sak' u-ti' 'acute, skillful (person)' (cf. YUC sak' ol 'agudo';

pCh *ti' 'mouth'; CHT sak'ba 'diligent';

                                    KEK sak'a  'diligente') (cf. habil; diligente)

 

agudo2                        catz  zantza;    zacbail vinic  //   k'as 'acute, witty'

(KEK q'es x-ch'ool 'inteligente');

                                    sansa 'acute, skillful person'  (cf. adiestrar, agudo, tender,

templar)

                                    sak'-bail winik  'acute, skillful (person)'

(cf. YUC sak' ol  'agudo';  winik 'hombre') (cf. agudo)

 

águila                          aguila,  tzunum tub;    coht  // tz'unum t'iw 'eagle' 

                                    (cf. pCh *tz'unun 'hummingbird',  *t'iw

                                    'eagle'); 

                                    kojt 'eagle' (cf.  YUC kot 'aguila bermejo')

                                    (cf. aguilucho)

 

aguilucho                    tzununtiub  // tz'unun t'iw  'aguilucho/small

                                    eagle, eaglet'  (cf. aguila)

 

aguja                           abuja    putz taquin;  de hueso. putz bac;  de palo. 

                                    putz te  //  putz' 'needle' (cf. YUC putz' 'aguja

                                    para coser, puntada')];

                                    putz' tak'in 'metal needle' (cf. pCh *tak'in

                                    'fierro/metal');

                                    putz' bak 'bone needle' (cf. pCh *b'ak

                                    'hueso/bone');

                                    putz' te' 'wood needle' (cf. pCh *te' 'wood, tree')

 

agujereado                  abugereado   taEaltac //  tak'altak' '(aj) perforated,

punctured' (cf. pCh *tAk' '(tv) añadir, pegar, remendar/join,

attach, mend') (cf. uno a otro);

 

agujerear                    abugerear      hochbil   // joch'bil  

                                    'agujereado/perforated, pitted'  (cf.  YUC hoch'

                                    'barrenar, agujerar, taladrar'; CHL  hoch' 

                                    '(tv) inyectar; (tv) bordar (tela); (n) maiz

                                    picado'; TZE (bach) joch' 'carcoma') (cf. abrirse las

                                    orejas; embutir)

 

agujerear2                  abugerear     hocho  // joch'o  '(tv) make holes

                                    in, to perforate'  (cf. CHL hoch'an  'picarse

                                    (maiz)') (cf.  agujerear; embutir)

 

aguzar                         (cf. acepillar)

 

ahitar                          (cf. ahito)

 

ahito                            pulpulnac,  de pulmiel // p'ulp'ul-nak' 'stuffed (lit.

                                    "swollen belly")' (cf. YUC  p'ulkinah  'hinchar

                                    los carillos o el vientre');

                                    p'ulmiyel '(iv) to be stuffed' (cf. reventar)

 

ahogar                         (cf. ahogo)

 

ahogo                          hacpael.   hitzpael  //  jak'pael '(iv) be suffocated, choke'

(cf. pCh  *jAk'  '(tv) choke, sigh, pant');

jitz'pael  '(iv) be suffocated' (cf. YUC  hitz'  'pasamiento de muerte, desmayo mortal y parasismo';  pCh  *jik'  '(iv) ahogarse/choke';

CHL hich'  '(tv) lazar; colgar'; CHN '(tv) to lasso' (kn:422);)

                                    (cf. tirar con soga; arrastrar tirando)

 

ahora                           aora    conel   l.   conahel,  de aqui aun poco  // 

                                    konel  'now' (cf. CHR koner  'now, today, this

                                    time' (wi:495);

                                    konajel  'now, in a short while'

 

ahorcar                       aporrear, aorcar  hatza, vo activo;  hatzpael,  vo

                                    neuo,  asotar  //  hatz'a '(tv) beat, whip, execute by hanging'

(cf. pCh *hAtz'  'beat, whip')  (cf. aporrear; azotar);

                                    hatz'pael  '(iv) be beat, whipped, hung'

 

ahumar                        butzi.  butztez   //  butz'i '(iv) smoke'  (cf. pCh *b'utz'  '(n) smoke')

butz'tes  '(tv) smoke, cause to smoke'  (cf.  humo)

 

ahumar carne             auhumar carne   cacbil  //  k'ak'bil 'smoked (meat)'

                                    (cf. pCh *k'ahk'  'fire';  YUC k'ak' 'fire') (cf. fuego)

 

ahuyentar                   putztez  //  putz'tes '(tv) frighten away'  (cf. pCh

                                    *putz'  '(iv) huirse') (cf. huir)

 

ahuyentar2                 ahuyentar, aser huir  putzel, neo;  putztez, activo //

                                    putz'el  '(iv) be frightened away';

                                    putz'tes '(tv) frighten away' (cf. ahuyentar)

 

aire                              ycal; la distinsion en sus letras //  ik'al 'air,

                                    wind' (cf. pCh *ik'  'air, wind')

 

ajeno, ajena                ageno, agena     yantal  //  yantal  'stranger,

                                    foreigner' (cf. pCh *yan '(aj) different') (cf.

                                    cosa diferente; diferente; echar a perder); 

 

ajustado cabal            tzacta,  de tzactael,  vo neuo  //  tz'akta 'perfectly

                                    adjusted' (cf. pCh *tz'Ak 'complete, whole');

                                    tz'aktael '(iv) be perfectly adjusted'

 

ala                               wich  //  wich'  'ala/wing'  (cf. pCh *wich'  'wing')

 

alacrán                        alacran   zinam  //  sinam  'alacran/scorpion' (cf. pCh *sina(m)

                                    'scorpion')

 

[alagar]                       (cf. halagar) (cf. acallar)

 

a la redonda                zutuh  //  sutuj  '(adv) around, roundabout'  (cf. pCh

                                    *sut '(tv) (re)turn') (cf. vuelta; traer a la

                                    redonda)                

 

alargar                        alargar, alejar    nahtez  // nahtes  'to make longer,

                                    to make distant' (cf. pCh *naht '(aj) far')

 

alargar2                      (cf. añadir2)   

 

albahaca                     albajaca   bolon cou.   xqueleltun.   xquelqueltun  

                                    // bolon kow  'sweet basil (the cooking herb)'; (cf. pCh *bolon

                                    'nine'; TZE balun 'nine', TZE kaw 'hard')

                                    x-kelel-tun, x-kelkel-tun 'sweet basil' (probably

                                    not actually sweet basil, a European herb, but

                                    rather a native equivalent) (cf. CHR  kerar 'side of an object or of the

                                    body, numeral classifier', ker  'opening up, separating, dividing in half';

pCh  *tun 'stone'; YUC  kakal tun 'basil/albahaca', ix-kakal tok, kak

'cut, prune')

 

albañal                        u loquib cuhum  // u-lok'ib k'u'um  'sewer'

(cf. pCh *lok' '(iv) go/come out'; CHT [cuhum] 'nixtamal';

CHR k'um 'rinsing, cleaning, washing'; also YUC k'u'um 'nixtamal')

                                    (cf. nixtamal)

 

alegrar                        chichalez   vo acto   chichael // chi'chales  (< chi'-tal-es)

'(tv) make s.o. happy' (cf. MOP ki'tal u yool 'alegrarse';

and cf. pCh *chi' 'sweet', *tAl-esA 'bring');

                                    chi'chael '(iv) be made happy' (cf. dulce, alegrarse)

 

alegrarse                    zalauel.   chichalavel.  no neuo  //  tzalawel '(iv) be made happy'

(cf. pCh *tzah 'sweet'; [but cf. KEK sa(h)  'bien, sabroso']) 

(cf. endulzar; dulce; bueno);

                                    chi'chalawel  '(iv) be happy' (cf. dulce)

 

alejar                           (cf. alargar)

  

alero                            uticic  //  u-tikik '(n) (its) eaves'  (cf. YUC tik

                                    'extender o desdoblar';  CHR  tak  'dry')

 

algodón                       algodon   tinam   //  tinam  'cotton'  (cf. CHR tinam 'cotton';

                                    CHL  tinim, tAñAm  'algodon')

 

alguacil                       ahnabte   //  aj-nab'te' 'alguacil / constable ("he of the vara/wand")'

(cf. pCh  *nAb-te'  '(n) bordon, baxa/staff'; Tzeltalan

                                    *nahb-a/u-te' 'staff of office')

 

alguna cosa                 xatuca  //   xa-tuk'a  (cf. pCh *xa 'more'; *tuk'a

                                    'what') (cf. qualquiera cosa)

 

alisar                           yutyal,  yuhlin  //  yutiyal  '(tv) smooth' (cf.

                                    YUC yut 'piedra talisman/(smooth) bezoar stone');

(cf. ITZ  yalal  'spread');                         

                                    yujlin  '(tv) alisar/smooth' (cf. pCh *yul  'smooth';

YUC yulkinah 'alisar') (cf. liso, ungir);

 

References Cited, by abbreviation

 

 

au:      Aulie, Wilbur and Evelyn W. de Aulie. 1978.   Diccionario Ch'ol.   Mexico City:  Summer

            Institute of Linguistics.

             

br:      Bricker, Victoria R.  1998.  A Dictionary of The Maya Language As Spoken in Hocabá,

            Yucatán.   Salt Lake City:  University of Utah Press.

 

Bruce:  Bruce, Robert 1979.  Lacandón Dream Symbolism.   México  D.F.: 

Ediciones Euroamericanas Klaus Thiele.

 

bv:   Barrera Vasquez, Alfredo (et. al) 1980.    Diccionario Maya Cordemex.  Merida Yucatan:

            Ediciones Cordemex.

 

ed:   Edmonson, Munro S.  1965.  Quiche-English Dictionary.   MARI, Tulane University

 

freund:   Freund, Robert  1976.  K'ekchi word list.  In  Studies in K'ekchi:  Texas Linguistic

Forum 3.  Department of Linguistics, The University of Texas at Austin. Pp. 111-159.

 

ho:   Hofling, Charles A. 1997.  Itzaj Maya-Spanish-English Dictionary.  Salt Lake City:

            The University of Utah Press.

 

pCh  Kaufman, Terrence and William Norman  1984.   An outline of proto-Cholan

phonology, morphology, and vocabulary.  In  John S. Justeson and Lyle Campbell

(eds.)  Phoneticism in Mayan Hieroglyphic Writing.   Institute for Mesoamerican

Studies State University of New York at Albany Publication No. 9.

 

Sw:   Swadesh, Morris  1970.  Diccionario de Elementos del Maya Yucateco Colonial.  UNAM

            Centro de Estudios Mayas (Cuaderno 3).

 

wi:   Wisdom, Charles.  1948.   Microfilmed Chorti dictionary notes, stored at University of

Chicago archives. (Wisdom's  <h> is written here with a j , his  <p'> is represented here with a b ) 

 

 

Language Abbreviations

 

 

ACA    Acatec                         (Akateko)

 

AGC    Aguacatec                    (Awakateko)

 

CAK    Cakchiquel                   (Kaqchikel)

 

CHC    Chicomuceltec              (Chikomuselteko)

 

CHJ     Chuj                             (Chuj)

 

CHL    Chol                             (Ch'ol)

 

CHN    Chontal                        (Chontal)

 

CHR    Chortí                           (Ch'orti')      

 

CHT    Choltí                           (Ch'olti')

 

HUA    Huastec                        (Wasteko)

 

ITZ      Itzá                               (Itzaj)

 

IXL      Ixil                                (Ixil)

 

JAC     Jacaltec                        (Popti')

 

KAN   Kanjobal                      (Q'anjob'al)

 

KEK    Kekchí                         (Q'eqchi')

 

LAC    Lacandón                     (Lakantun)

 

MAM   Mam                           (Mam)

 

MOT   Motocintlec                  (Mocho')

 

MOP   Mopan                         (Mopan)

 

PCH    Pocomchí                     (Poqomchi')

 

PCM    Pocomam                     (Poqomam)

 

QUI     Quiché                         (K'iche')

 

SAC    Sacapultec                    (Sakapulteko)

 

SIP      Sipacapa                      (Sipakapense)

 

TEC     Teco                            (Teko)

 

TOJ     Tojolabal                      (Tojolab'al)      

 

TZE     Tzeltal                          (Tzeltal)

 

TZO     Tzotzil                          (Tzotzil)

 

TZU     Tzutujil                         (Tz'utujiil)

 

USP     Uspantec                      (Uspanteko)

 

YUC    Yucatec                        (Yukateko)

 

PCh     Proto-Cholan   (as reconstructed by Kaufman and Norman 1984)

 

 

 

Equivalences     MORAN      =     CORRECTED CHOLTI

 

Medial  tz     =    s    (abierto, patzal = pasal; arrebatar, tzala = sala)

 

                        Medial  tz     =   tz'    (agua represada,  hetzol ha =  hetz'ol ha';

aguilucho, tzununtiub  = tz'unun t'iw;

putz te  =  putz' 'needle' )

 

                        Final     z     =    s     (abatir, cahtez  =  k'ajtes; achicar  tzeclez = sek'les) 

 

                        Final     z      =    tz'   (puz puz;  =  putz'putz' 'rapids'

 

                        Initial    z     =     tz   (alegrarse, zalawel =  tzalawel)

 

                        Initial    z      =    s    (a la redonda, zutuh  = sutuj)

 

                                    g     =    j   / h  (aflijirse)

 

                                    v     =    w    (achiote, quivi  =  kiwi'; acompañar2, vabun = wa'bun)

 

                                    p     =    p,  p'

 

                                    p     =    b     (alumbrar, çacopez  =  sakobes

 

                                    ç     =    s 

 

                                    s     =   s     (agua, sis = sis)

           

h     =    j     (aguardar, cocnahel  =  kok-najel; 

         agradecer, coteznahel = k'otesnajel;

                                                         papel, hun  =  jun; abatir, cahtez  =  k'ajtes)

 

                                    h     =    h      * Kaufman and Norman (in pCh 1984:86) conjecture

that proto-Cholan had an *h : *j  contrast in all

positions and provide reconstructions on that basis. 

Such reconstructions inform the choice here made

for the assignment of Cholti h or j.  Where no such

                                                            information is available, and where Bachjón Tzeltal

does not indicate an h, then j will be used. 

 

                                    b     =    w    (aguilucho, tzunumtiub = tz'unum t'iw)

 

                                    b     =    b'   

 

                                    c     =    k

 

                                    c     =    k'     (agradecer, coteznahel = k'otesnajel)

 

                                    E     =    k'    (agujereado, taEaltak  =  tak'altak' )

 

Abbreviations:  

            Vono, vono     =   Verbo Neutro  'intransitive verb'

 

            Neuo, neuo      =  (verbo neutro) 'intransitive verb'

 

Suffixes

            -naj  -   'passive form of derived transitive'

 

            -el    -   'incompletive suffix for root and derived intransitives'

 

  

 

file 1        abajar – alisar       

 

file 2        alma – atravesado               

 

file 3        atravesaño – camote          

 

file 4        caña – concha                                                                                     

file 5        conejo – de balde

 

file 6        debajo – engendrar             

 

file 7        engordar – geme 

 

file 8        gesto – jicara grande

 

file 9        jilote – mediodía

 

file 10      medir – paño tabaquero

 

file 11      pantano – quemar               

 

file 12      querer – sosegar a otro      

 

file 13      sosegar a otro2 – venado  

 

file 14      vencedor – zorillo               

 

 

 

Home

Comments and feedback

04/15/2007