RETRIEVAL: Pulling information out of LTM

Encoding Specificity

State Dependent Learning

When we can’t remember

Failure to retrieve (poor retrieval cues)

Repression

Decay

Subsumption

Interference

Reconstruction errors

In Long Term Memory Itself

Storage/Retrieval (see above)

Compiling

Assimilation (elaboration of schema)

Accommodation (reorganization of schema)

Organizing the Whole Process

METACOGNITION: Monitoring progress and adjusting as needed

Using Cognitive Theory to Design Instruction

Structure to draw attention to key variables.

Activate learner prior knowledge.

Help learner with storage system for new information.

Give opportunities to practice the new information and improve storage.

Give feedback on accuracy of storage.

If possible,
Help learner learn to monitor and correct own learning.

Other Teaching Applications of Cognition

Active learning

Reciprocal Teaching

Cognitive Apprenticeship

Hypertext Computer programs

Scaffolding

Discovery Learning

Authentic Testing