Definition (sort of):

Problems are situations which require the learner to:
 

1. identify the problem to be solved (the goal);

2. identify the conditions at the outset;

3. propose alternative operations to bring the situation closer to the goal state;

4. implement and evaluate the alternatives;

until the goal state is reached (the problem is solved).

KEY TERMS
 
 

Algorithms - set procedures ,
 

e.g. long division

Heuristics - suggestions to try,
 

e.g. brainstorming,

rule of thumb

(try the simplest first)

 
 

Well-defined problems - clear goals and givens, standard procedures
 

e.g. The car won't start.

Ill-defined problems - ambiguous goals, unclear strategies, data missing.
 

e.g. make peace in Kosovo

• Initial learning is meaningful and thorough.
• Learning of strategies is deep and meaningful.
• Students must be prepared to transfer.
• Some skills need to be automatic.
• Numerous and varied opportunities to practice
• Students must do it for themselves.
• Minimize negative transfer by emphasizing differences
• Use discovery learning strategies
• Teach general skills.
• Students need to learn how to clarify the problem.
• Scaffold early problem solving.
• Group work helps.
• Testing should involve transfer and problem solving.

• Return to Course materials list.