Zachary Erwin presents "The Violence of Competing Masculinities in Pardo Bazán's Los Pazos de Ulloa." Because late-nineteenth-century Spanish author Emilia Pardo Bazán was an avowed feminist, critics have often focused on her depictions of women and female identity. Pardo Bazán's novels of the 1880s and 1890s show how the Western, bourgeois ideal of masculinity, based on rational intellect and individual hard work, coexisted and conflicted with ancien-régime models of manliness, which privileged aristocratic leisure, military prowess or brute force.