Thursday, February 09, 2006

Parentheticals--two views

I've abbreviated the views of two experts on legal writing below. Neither view is as all-or-nothing as I've portrayed it here, but this nicely frames the question of using parentheticals. What's your preference?

One view
Paragraphs filled with parenthetical explanations are painful to read. If a case supports a proposition you are advancing, state the basis for that support in plain, expository prose in the text without the parenthetical. Reserve parenthetical explanations for rare situations.

Another view
As a law clerk to a judge, I learned that judges consider citations without parentheticals useless. The judge I worked for would not let us prepare draft opinions without citation parentheticals. In practice, my briefs would not cite a case without a parenthetical. To avoid readability problems, put supplemental authorities with parentheticals in footnotes.

7 Comments:

Anonymous Robert Cosgrove said...

Both views have merit, but I lean toward the latter one. As an appellate attorney and supervisor of other appellate attorneys, I see a lot of briefs where cases are cited without parentheticals yet it is not apparent to me what proposition of law the case is cited for. Clearer writing in the first place would be ideal, but at least when a lawyer writes a parenthetical, there's a better than even chance the reader will understand the purpose of the citation.

1:07 PM  
Anonymous Ray Ward said...

Unless the point is super-simple, the briefwriter (or opinion-writer) has a responsibility to help the reader make the connection between the cited material and the proposition that the material is cited for. How you make that connection depends on the situation.

Usually, the better way to make that connection is to state the connection plainly in the text, as stated in "One view."

On rare occasions, you can make the connection more economically by parentheticals, as stated in "Another view." I've sometimes used parentheticals when drawing a rule inductively from several cases. When you cite a bunch of cases for one proposition (as you must when reasoning inductively), a paragraph devoted to each can overburden the reader. In those situations, parentheticals work better.

2:19 PM  
Blogger Tocqueville said...

Perhaps this presents a false choice. Law Reviews and journals use footnote citations, so nothing intended to be read by a broad audience actually contains "paragraphs with parentheticals." The citations with parentheticals are down in the footnotes for the glutton who wants to read them.

Legal motions, briefs, and other filings are written for a judge (and his clerks). I suspect both judges and clerks appreciate the parentheticals and have otherwise acquired a real penchant for reading them without "pain."

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