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9.1 Introduction
Problems that may affect maritime-satellite communications are
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blockage from ship-structures along the Earth-satellite path,
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multipath from ship structures,
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multipath from the ocean at low grazing angles when low-gain antennas are
used,
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fading due to ionospheric or tropospheric scintillations at low elevation
angles,
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Faraday rotation effects,
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tropospheric refractive effects at low elevation angles such as ducting.
This chapter deals primarily with multipath fading from the ocean when
low gain antennas are employed at low elevation angles for ship-satellite
scenarios. The other effects enumerated above are either beyond the scope
of this text or are described elsewhere.
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