11.1    Background

11.2    Background Information Associated with Model Development

11.2.1    Diffusely Scattered Waves
11.2.2    Faraday Rotation

11.2.3    Ground Specular Reflection

11.3    Empirical Regression Models

11.3.1    Large-scale - Small-scale (LS-SS) Coverage Model
11.3.1.1    Example: LS-SS Model
11.3.1.2    Discussion
11.3.2    Extended Empirical Roadside Shadowing Model
11.3.2.1    Discussion

11.4    Probability Distribution Models

11.4.1    Density Functions Used In Propagation Modeling
11.4.1.1    Ricean or Nakagami-Rice Density Function
11.4.1.2    Rayleigh Density Function
11.4.1.3    Lognormal Density Function
11.4.2    Loo's Distribution Model
11.4.2.1    Level Crossing Rate and Average Fade Duration
11.4.2.2    Discussion
11.4.3    Total Shadowing Model
11.4.3.1    Discussion
11.4.4    Lognormal Shadowing Model
11.4.4.1    Discussion
11.4.5    Simplified Lognormal Shadowing Model
11.4.5.1    Discussion
11.4.6    Models With Fade State Transitions
11.4.6.1    Two- and Four-State Markov Modeling
11.4.6.2    Markov Transitions, Multipath And Fade Depth Model

11.5    Geometric Analytic Models

11.5.1    Single Object Models
11.5.1.1    Point Scatterer Multipath

11.5.1.2    Fresnel Approaches to Tree Shadowing
11.5.2    Multiple Object Scattering Models
11.5.2.1    Two-Dimensional Model
11.5.2.2    Three-Dimensional Model

11.5.2.3    Discussion

11.6    Summary and Recommendations

11.7    References