See the Emergency Procedures section for detailed procedures.

Supplies for cleaning up a minor chemical or biological spill must be readily available. In case of release, promptly clean up spills, using appropriate protective apparel and equipment.

Spill Response Equipment:

1. Supplies for a chemical spill include an inert absorbent such as kitty litter or vermiculite or a 50/50 mixture of the two, a plastic (non-sparking) scoop, plastic bags for the spilled material, heavy gloves, goggles, and sodium bicarbonate to neutralize acids. Kits are commercially available which include acid, base, flammable, or universal pillows or booms.
   
2. Supplies for a biological spill include paper towels and a fresh 1:10 bleach solution.

Note: All spent spill clean up materials must be disposed of in the same manner as the spilled chemical.

Develop and encourage safe habits; avoid unnecessary exposure to chemicals by any route. Do not smell or taste chemicals. Vent apparatus which may discharge toxic chemicals (e.g., vacuum pumps, distillation columns) into local exhaust devices. Inspect gloves and test glove boxes before use. Do not allow release of toxic substances in cold rooms or warm rooms, since these have contained recirculated atmospheres.

Use only those chemicals for which the quality of the available ventilation system is appropriate as determined by the laboratory supervisor or Principal Investigator

Do not eat, drink, chew gum, or apply cosmetics in areas where laboratory chemicals are present; wash hands before conducting these activities. Smoking is not allowed in University buildings.

EH&S recommends the following guidelines for the use and care of glassware and other laboratory equipment

Glassware:

1. Inspect all glassware before use. Repair or discard any broken, cracked, or chipped glassware.
   
2. Tape or shield glass vacuum vessels to prevent flying glass in the case of an implosion. Also, tape or shield glass vacuum dessicators.
   
3. Do not use household Thermos bottles as a substitute for laboratory Dewar flasks; the walls are too thin.
   
4. Transport all glass chemical containers in rubber or polyethylene bottle carriers.
   
5. Fire-polish all cut glass tubing and rods before use.
   
6. Practice the following when inserting glass tubes or rods into stoppers:
   
   1. be certain that the diameter of the tube is compatible with the diameter of the stopper,
      
   2. fire-polish the end of the glass tube,
      
   3. lubricate the glass with water or glycerol,
      
   4. wear heavy gloves and hold the glass not more than two inches from the end to be inserted,
      
   5. insert the glass carefully with a twisting motion, and
      
   6. remove stuck tubes by slitting the stopper with a sharp knife.

   
   

   Assembly of Laboratory Apparatus:

   1. Keep work surfaces as uncluttered as possible.

   2. Firmly clamp apparatus and set up away from the edge of the lab bench.

   3. Only use equipment that is free from cracks, chips, or other defects.

   4. If possible, place a pan under a reaction vessel or other container to contain liquid if the glassware breaks.

   5. Do not allow burners or any other ignition sources nearby when working with flammable liquids.

   6. Lubricate glass stopcocks.

   7. Properly support and secure condensers and water hoses with clamps and wires. Be sure to direct the water hoses so that any drips that may come off the hoses do not splash down onto any electrical wires.

   8. Position apparatus that is attached to a ring stand with the center of gravity over the base and not to one side.

   9. Assemble the apparatus so that burners or baths can be removed quickly.

   10. Use an appropriate vapor trap and confine the setup to a fumehood if there is a possibility of hazardous vapors being evolved.

   11. Put the setup in a fumehood whenever conducting a reaction that could result in an implosion or explosion. Keep the sash pulled down. If it is not possible to use a fumehood, use a standing shield that is stabilized and secured.

   12. Always wear a lab coat and proper eye and face protection.

   Centrifuges

   1. Securely anchor tabletop centrifuges and place in a location where the vibration will not cause bottles to fall off the bench.

   2. Keep the centrifuge lid closed while operating and do not leave the centrifuge until you are certain it is running safely without vibration.

   3. If the centrifuge starts vibrating, stop and check the load balances.

   4. Regularly clean rotors and buckets with a non-corrosive cleaning solution.

   5. Use sealed safety cups while centrifuging hazardous materials.

   Ultraviolet Lamps

   1. Wear ultraviolet absorbing protective safety glasses while working with ultraviolet light.

   2. Protect your skin from potential burns due to ultraviolet light.

   3. Shield any experiment in which ultraviolet light is used to prevent escape of the direct beam or scattered radiation.

   Lasers

   1. Always wear goggles that protect against the specific wavelength of the laser.

   2. Never look directly at the beam.

   3. Do not allow any reflective materials in or along the beam.

   4. Post warning signs in all laser areas. If possible, use a flashing light at the lab entrance to indicate when a laser is in use.

   5. Contact the EH&S Laser Safety Officer for more information.

   Separatory Funnels

   1. Use extreme caution if the temperature of the materials is elevated.

   2. When a volatile solvent is used, swirl the unstoppered separatory funnel first to allow some solvent to vaporize and to release pressure.

   3. Close the funnel and invert it with the stopper held in place, then immediately open the stopcock to release pressure.

   4. Do not vent the separatory funnel near a flame or any other ignition source and do not point it at a co-worker or equipment. It is best to vent the separatory funnel into a fumehood.

   5. Close the stopcock, swirl the funnel, then immediately open the stopcock with the funnel in an inverted position to vent the vapors again.

   Cooling Baths and Cold Traps

   1. Always use caution when working with cryogenic coolants.

   2. Use temperature resistant gloves and a faceshield while slowly immersing an object to be cooled.

   3. Do not pour cold liquid onto the edge of a glass Dewar flask when filling because the flask may break and implode.

   4. Never lower your head into a dry ice chest; no oxygen is present.

   5. Wear temperature resistant gloves while handling dry ice. If no protection is used, severe burns can result.

   Vacuum Pumps

   1. If possible, vent vacuum pump exhaust into a fume hood.

   2. Guard all belt-driven vacuum pumps to prevent hands or loose clothing from getting caught in the belt pulley.

   3. Place a trap between the vacuum pump and the apparatus.

   4. Lubricate pump regularly if possible. Check belt conditions and do not operate in a fumehood cabinet that is used for storage of flammables.

   Electrical

   1. Examine all electrical cords periodically for signs of wear and damage. If damaged electrical cords are discovered, unplug the equipment and send it off for repair.

   2. Properly ground all electrical equipment.

   3. If sparks are noticed while plugging or unplugging equipment or if the cord feels hot, do not use the equipment until it can be serviced by an electrician.

   4. Do not run electrical cords along the floor where they will be a tripping hazard and be subject to wear. If a cord must be run along the floor, protect it with a cord cover.

   5. Do not run electrical cords above the ceiling. The cord must be visible at all times to ensure it is in good condition.

   6. Do not plug too many items into a single outlet. Cords that enable you to plug more than one item in at a time should not be used. Multi-plug strips can be used if they are protected with a circuit breaker and if they are not overused.

   7. Do not use extension cords for permanent wiring. If you must use extension cords throughout the lab, then it is time to have additional outlets installed.
   

   (g) Personal Protection

   The most important thing to remember about protective clothing is that it only protects you if you wear it. Material Safety Data Sheets or other references should be consulted for information on the type of protective clothing required for the particular work you are performing.

   Protective Eyewear:

   1. Goggles provide the best all around protection against chemical splashes, vapors, dusts, and mists.

   2. Goggles that have indirect vents or are non-vented provide the most protection, but an anti-fog agent may need to be applied.

   3. Standard safety glasses provide protection against impact.

   4. If using a laser, wear safety glasses or goggles, which provide protection against the specific wavelength of that laser.

   5. Remember, prescription glasses do not provide adequate protection in a laboratory setting. Prescription safety glasses can be purchased from most opticians.

   6. Contact lenses should not be worn in a laboratory because they can trap contaminants behind them and reduce or eliminate the effectiveness of flushing with water from an eyewash. Contact lenses may also increase the amount of chemicals trapped on the surface of the eye and decrease removal of the chemical by tearing. If it is necessary to wear contact lenses in a lab, wear protective goggles at all times.

   Protective Gloves

   1. Any glove can be permeated by chemicals. The rate at which this occurs depends on the composition of the glove, the chemicals present and their concentration, and the exposure time to the glove. If you are not certain which type of glove provides you with the protection you need, contact the manufacturer and ask for specifics on that glove (see Appendix XI for glove suitability information).

   2. If direct chemical contact occurs, replace gloves regularly throughout the day. Wash hands regularly and remove gloves before answering the telephone or opening doors to prevent the spread of contamination.

   3. Check gloves for cracks, tears, and holes.

   4. Butyl, neoprene, and nitrile gloves are resistant to most chemicals, e.g., alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, most inorganic acids, and most caustics.

   5. Disposable latex and vinyl gloves protect against some chemicals, most aqueous solutions, and microorganisms and reduce risk of product contamination.

   Note: There is increasing evidence that some people develop a serious allergic reaction to latex.

   6. Leather and some knit gloves will protect against cuts, abrasions, and scratches, but not against chemicals.

   7. Temperature-resistant gloves protect against cryogenic liquids, flames, and high temperatures.

   Other Protective Clothing:

   1. The primary purpose of a lab coat is to protect against splashes and spills. A lab coat should be nonflammable, where necessary, and should be easily removed. Many different kinds of lab coats are available.

   2. Rubber coated aprons can be worn to protect against chemical splashes and may be worn over a lab coat for additional protection.

   3. Face shields can protect against impact, dust, particulates, and chemical splashes for the face, eyes, and throat. However, always wear protective eyewear such as goggles underneath a face shield because a face shield only offers additional protection to the eyes. Chemical vapors and splashes can still travel under and around a face shield. If scratches or cracks are noticed in the face shield, replace the window.

   4. Shoes which fully cover the feet should always be worn in a lab. If work is going to be performed that includes moving large and heavy objects such as 55 gallon drums, steel-toed shoes must be worn.

   In general, the lab supervisor must ensure that appropriate personal protective equipment is worn by all persons, including visitors, in areas where chemicals are stored or handled.

   (h) Planning

   Seek information and advice about hazards, write appropriate protective procedures, and plan positioning or equipment before beginning any new operation.

   (i) Unattended Operations

   Leave lights on, place an appropriate sign on the door, and provide for containment of toxic substances in the event of failure of a utility service (such as cooling water) to an unattended operation.

   (j) Use of Hood

   Use the hood for all procedures which might result in the release of hazardous chemical vapors of dust. Confirm that the hood is working before use by holding a Kimwipe®, or other lightweight paper, up to the opening of the hood. The paper should be pulled inward. Leave the hood "on" when it is not in active use if toxic substances are stored inside or if it is uncertain whether adequate general laboratory ventilation will be maintained when it is "off."

   Proper Use of Fume Hoods
   

   1. Equipment and other materials should be placed at least six inches behind the sash. This will reduce the exposure of personnel to chemical vapors that may escape into the lab due to air turbulence.

   2. When the hood is not in use, pull the sash all the way down. While personnel are working at the hood, pull down the sash as far as is practical. The sash is your protection against fires, explosions, chemical splashes, and projectiles.

   3. Do not keep loose papers, paper towels, or tissues (e.g., Kimwipes®) in the hood. These materials can be drawn into the blower and adversely affect the performance of the hood.

   4. Do not use a fume hood as a storage cabinet for chemicals. Excessive storage of chemicals and other items will disrupt the designed airflow in the hood. In particular, do not store chemicals against the baffle at the back of the hood, because this will interfere with the laminar airflow across the hood.

   5. If large equipment must be kept in a fume hood, raise it 1.5 inches off the work surface to allow air to flow underneath. This dramatically reduces the turbulence within the hood and increases its efficiency.

   6. Do not place objects directly in front of a fume hood (such as refrigerators or lab coats hanging on the manual controls) as this can disrupt the airflow and draw contaminants out of the hood.

   7. Keep in mind that modifications made to a fume hood system, e.g., adding a snorkel, can render the entire system ineffective.

   8. Minimize the amount of foot traffic immediately in front of a hood. Walking past hoods causes turbulence that can draw contaminants out of the hood and into the room.

   (k) Storage of Chemicals in the Lab

   Please refer to the section on laboratory chemical storage in Chapter C.1.

   2. Working with Allergens

   A wide variety of substances can illicit skin and lung hypersensitivity. Examples include common substances such as diazomethane, chromium, nickel, bichromates, formaldehyde, isocyanates, and certain phenols. Because of this variety and the varying response of individuals, suitable gloves should be used whenever there is potential for contact with chemicals that may cause skin irritation.

   3. Working with Embryotoxins

   Embryotoxins are substances that act during pregnancy to cause adverse effects on the developing fetus. These effects may include embryolethality (death of the fertilized egg, the embryo, or the fetus), malformations (teratogenic effects), retarded growth, and postnatal function deficits.

   A few substances have been demonstrated to be embryotoxic in humans. These include:

   acrylic acid	diphenylamine	nitrobenzene
   aniline	estradiol	nitrous oxide
   benzene	formaldehyde	phenol
   cadmium	formamide	thalidomide
   carbon disulfide	hexachlorobenzene	toluene
   N,N-dimethylacetamide	iodoacetic acid	vinyl chloride
   dimethylformamide	lead compounds	xylene
   dimethyl sulfoxide	mercury compounds	polychlorinated and polybrominated biphenyls

   Maternal alcoholism is probably the leading known cause of embryotoxic effects in humans, but the exposure to ethanol typically encountered in laboratories is unlikely to be embryotoxic. Many substances, some as common as sodium chloride, have been shown to be embryotoxic to animals at some exposure level, but usually this is at a considerably higher level than is met in the course of normal laboratory work. However, some substances do require special controls due to embryotoxic properties. One common example is formamide: women of childbearing potential should handle this substance only in a hood and should take precautions to avoid skin contact with the liquid because of the ease with which it passes through the skin.

   Because the period of greatest susceptibility to embryotoxins is the first 8-12 weeks of pregnancy, which includes a period when a woman may not know that she is pregnant, women of childbearing potential should take care to avoid skin contact with all chemicals. The following procedures are recommended to be followed routinely by women of childbearing potential in working with chemicals requiring special control because of embryotoxic properties:

   1. Each use must be reviewed for particular hazards by the Principal Investigator or Lab Supervisor, who will decide whether special procedures are warranted or whether warning signs should be posted. Consultation with appropriate safety personnel may be desirable. In cases of continued use of a known embryotoxin, the operation should be reviewed annually or whenever a change in procedures is made.

   2. Embryotoxins requiring special control should be stored in an adequately ventilated area. The container should be labeled in a clear manner such as the following: EMBRYOTOXIN: READ SPECIFIC PROCEDURES FOR USE. If the storage container is breakable, it should be kept in an impermeable, unbreakable secondary container having sufficient capacity to retain the material, should the primary container fail.

   3. Women of childbearing potential should take adequate precautions to guard against spills and splashes. Operations should be carried out using impermeable containers and in adequately ventilated areas. Appropriate safety apparel, especially gloves, should be worn. All hoods, glove boxes, or other essential engineering controls should be operating at required efficiency before work is started.

   4. Supervisors must be notified regarding all incidents of exposure or spills of embryotoxins requiring special control. A qualified physician should be consulted about any exposures of women of childbearing potential above the acceptable level (i.e., any skin contact or inhalation exposures).

   4. Working with Chemicals of Moderate Chronic or High Acute Toxicity

   Before beginning a laboratory operation, each worker is strongly advised to consult one of the standard compilations that list toxic properties of known substances and learn what is known about the substance to be used. The precautions and procedures described in this section should be followed if any of the substances to be used in significant quantities is known to be moderately or highly toxic (if any of the substances being used is known to be highly toxic, it is desirable that two people be present in the area at all times).

   These procedures should also be followed if the toxicological properties of any of the substances being used or prepared are unknown. If any of the substances to be used or prepared are known to have high, chronic toxicity (e.g., compounds of heavy metals and other potent carcinogens), then the precautions and procedures described below should be supplemented with additional precautions to aid in containing and ultimately destroying the substances having high chronic toxicity. Some examples of potent carcinogens (substances known to have high chronic toxicity), along with their corresponding chemical class, are:

   Alkylating Agents:

   a-halo ethers	epoxides
   bis(chloromethyl) ether	ethylene oxide
   methyl chloromethyl ether	diepoxybutane
   	epichlorohydrin
   aziridines	propylene oxide
   ethylene imine	styrene oxide
   2-methylaziridine
   	sulfonates
   diazo, azo, and azoxy compounds	diethyl sulfate
   4-dimethylaminoazobenzene	dimethyl sulfate
   	ethyl methanesulfonate
   electrophilic alkenes and alkynes	methyl methanesulfonate
   acrylonitrile	methyl trifluoromethanesulfonate
   acrolein	1,3-propanesultone
   ethyl acrylate	1,4-butanedioldimethanesulfonate

   Acylating Agents:

   b-propiolactone	b-butyrolactone
   dimethylcarbamoyl chloride

   Organohalogen Compounds:

   1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane	bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide
   vinyl chloride	carbon tetrachloride
   chloroform	hexachlorobenzene
   methyl iodide	1,4-dichlorobenzene
   2,4,6-trichlorophenol

   Natural Products:

   adriamycin	aflatoxins
   bleomycin	reserpine
   progesterone	safrole

   Inorganic Compounds:

   cisplatin

   Aromatic Amines:

   4-aminobiphenyl	benzidine
   aniline	o-toluidine
   o-anisidine

   The overall objective of the procedures outlined in this section is to minimize exposure of the laboratory worker to toxic substances by taking all reasonable precautions. Thus, the general precautions outlined in Section D.1 should normally be followed whenever a toxic substance is being transferred from one container to another or is being subjected to some chemical or physical manipulation. The following three precautions should always be followed:

   1. Protect the hands and forearms by wearing either gloves and a laboratory coat or suitable long gloves to avoid contact of the toxic material with the skin.

   2. Procedures involving volatile toxic substances and those involving solid or liquid toxic substances that may result in the generation of aerosols should be conducted in a hood or other suitable containment device.

   3. After working with toxic materials, wash the hands and arms immediately. Never eat, drink, chew gum, apply cosmetics, take medicine, or store foods in areas where toxic substances are being used.

   These standard precautions will provide laboratory workers with good protection from most toxic substances. In addition, records that include amounts of material used and names or workers involved should be kept as part of the laboratory notebook record of the experiment. To minimize hazards from accidental breakage of apparatus or spills of toxic substances in the hood, containers of such substances should be stored in pans or trays made of polyethylene or other chemically resistant material and apparatus should be mounted above trays of the same type of material. Alternatively, the working surface of the hood can be fitted with a removable liner of adsorbent plastic-backed paper. Such procedures will contain spilled toxic substances in a pan, tray, or absorbent liner and greatly simplifies subsequent cleanup and disposal. Vapors that are discharged from the apparatus should be trapped or condensed to avoid adding substantial amounts of toxic vapor to the hood exhaust air. Areas where toxic substances are being used and stored must have restricted access, and warning signs should be posted if a special toxicity hazard exists.

   The general waste disposal procedures described in the EH&S Waste Disposal manual must be followed for these types of chemicals. In general, the waste materials and solvents containing toxic substances should be stored in closed, impervious containers so that personnel handling the containers will not be exposed to their contents.

   The laboratory worker must be prepared for potential accidents or spills involving toxic substances. If a toxic substance contacts the skin, the area should be washed with water. If there is a major spill outside of the hood, the room or appropriate area should be evacuated and necessary measures should be taken to prevent exposure of other workers. Spills must be cleaned by personnel wearing suitable personal protective apparel. If a spill of a significant quantity of toxic material occurs outside the hood, an air-supplied full-face respirator should be worn.

   In addition to the precautions described in this section, we strongly advise researchers to develop written standard operating procedures intended to establish a concise, step-by-step method for carrying out routine laboratory operations with the substance in question.

   5. Working with Substances of High Chronic Toxicity

   All of the procedures and precautions described in the previous section should be followed when working with substances known to have high chronic toxicity. In addition, when such substances are to be used in quantities exceeding a few milligrams to a few grams, depending on the hazards posed by the particular substance, the additional precautions described in this section should be used. Each laboratory worker's plan for experimental work and for disposing of waste materials must be approved by the laboratory supervisor. Consultation with the departmental Chemical Hygiene Officer may be appropriate to ensure that the toxic material is effectively contained during the experiment and that waste materials are disposed of in a safe manner. Substances in this high chronic toxicity category include certain heavy metal compounds (e.g., dimethylmercury and nickel carbonyl) and compounds normally classified as strong carcinogens. Examples of compounds normally classified as strong carcinogens include the following:

   2-acetylaminofluorene	hexamethylphosphoramide
   aflatoxin B1	3-methylcholanthrene
   benzo[a]pyrene	2-nitronaphthalene
   bis(chloromethyl) ether	propane sultone
   7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene	various N-nitrosamides
   dimethylcarbamoyl chloride	various N-nitrosamines

   An accurate record of the amounts of such substances being stored and the amounts used, dates of use, and names of users must be maintained. It is appropriate to keep such records as part of the record of experimental work in the laboratory workers' research notebook, but it must be understood that the research supervisor is responsible for ensuring that accurate records are maintained.

   Any volatile substances having high chronic toxicity must be stored in a ventilated storage area in a secondary tray or container having sufficient capacity to contain the material should the primary storage container fail. All containers of substances in this category must have labels that identify that contents and include a warning such as: WARNING! HIGH CHRONIC TOXICITY OR CANCER SUSPECT AGENT. Storage areas for substances in this category must have limited access, and special signs should be posted if a special toxicity hazard exists. Any area used for storage of substances of high chronic toxicity must be maintained under negative pressure with respect to the surroundings.

   All experiments with and transfers of such substances or mixtures containing such substances must be done in a controlled area (i.e., a laboratory, or a portion of a laboratory, or a facility such as an exhaust hood or a glove box that is designated for the use of highly toxic substances. Its use need not be restricted to the handling of highly toxic substances if all personnel who have access to the controlled area are aware of the nature of the substances being used and the precautions that are necessary). When a glove box is used, the ventilation rate in the box must be at least two volume changes per hour, the pressure should be at least 0.5 inches of water lower than that of the surrounding environment, and the exit gases should be passed through a trap or HEPA filter.

   Positive pressure glove boxes are normally used to provide an inert anhydrous atmosphere. If these glove boxes are used with highly toxic compounds, then the box should be thoroughly checked for leaks before use and the exit gases should be passed through a suitable trap or filter. Laboratory vacuum pumps used with substances having high chronic toxicity should be protected by high-efficiency scrubbers or HEPA filters and vented into an exhaust hood. Motor-driven vacuum pumps are recommended because they are easy to decontaminate.

   Proper gloves must be worn when transferring or otherwise handling substances or solutions of substances having high chronic toxicity. In some cases, the laboratory worker or the research supervisor may deem it advisable to use other protective apparel, such as an apron of reduced permeability covered by a disposable coat. Extreme precautions such as these might be taken, for example, when handling large amounts of certain heavy metals and their derivatives or compounds known to be potent carcinogens. Surfaces on which high chronic toxicity substances are handled must be protected from contamination by using chemically resistant trays or pans that can be decontaminated after the experiment or by using dry, absorbent plastic-backed paper that can be disposed of after use.

   On leaving a controlled area, laboratory workers must remove any used protective apparel and thoroughly wash hands, forearms, face, and neck. If disposable apparel or absorbent paper liners have been used, these items must be placed in a closed and impervious container that should then be labeled in some manner such as: CAUTION: CONTENTS CONTAMINATED WITH SUBSTANCES OF HIGH CHRONIC TOXICITY (for waste disposal purposes, chemical names are required). Non-disposable protective apparel should be thoroughly washed, and containers of non reusable apparel and protective liners must be disposed of through EH&S.

   Wastes and residues must be placed in an impervious container and disposed of through EH&S. In general, liquid wastes containing such compounds must be placed in a glass or polyethylene bottle half filled with vermiculite.

   Normal laboratory work must not be resumed in a space that has been used as a controlled area until it has been adequately decontaminated. Work surfaces must be thoroughly washed and rinsed. If experiments have involved the use of finely divided solid materials, dry sweeping should not be done. In such cases, surfaces must be cleaned by wet mopping or by use of a vacuum cleaner equipped with a HEPA filter. All equipment (e.g., glassware, vacuum pumps, and containers) that is known or suspected to have been in contact with substances of high chronic toxicity should be washed and rinsed before it is removed from the controlled area.

   In the event of continued experimentation with a substance of high chronic toxicity (i.e., if a worker regularly uses toxicologically significant quantities of such a substance at least three times a week), a qualified physician must be consulted to determine whether it is advisable to establish a regular schedule of medical surveillance or biological monitoring. Contact EH&S Hazardous Materials Division (471-3511) for the name of a physician that might be used for this purpose.

   In addition to the precautions described in this section, lab supervisors must develop written standard operating procedures intended to establish a concise, step-by-step method for carrying out routine laboratory operations with the substance in question. These procedures must be approved by the respective departmental chemical hygiene officer.

   References:

   CRC Handbook of Laboratory Safety, Third Edition. A. K. Furr, Ed. Chemical Rubber Company. 1990. (704 page reference on all aspects of lab safety.)

   Prudent Practices for Handling Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories. Prepared by the National Research Council. 1981. (291 pages)

   Prudent Practices in the Laboratory. National Research Council. 1995. (427 pages)

   Safe Storage and Handling of Laboratory Chemicals - A Review of Safe Storage and Handling Practices for Laboratory Chemicals. Nancy Magnussen. Texas A&M University Chemistry Safety Coordinator.

   Safety in Academic Chemistry Laboratories. American Chemical Society. 1990.