Arachnida (spiders, harvestmen, pseudoscorpions)

Arachnids have eight legs, scissors-like mouthparts (chelicerae), arm-like

appendages (pedipalps), book-lungs or tracheae for breathing, and 

usually a two-part body plan (prosoma and opisthosoma). Nearly all are

predators except some harvestmen, which scavenge, and many mites

and ticks, which are parasitic or even plant feeders. Many mites are free-

living, however.

 

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048.JPG: Meta ovalis Gertsch, TP: The spider (8-10 mm) is guarding its egg sac. It is a widespread species in caves and cave-like habitats in the eastern United States. Formerly Meta menardii.
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049.jpg: Dolomedes sp., TP: A fishing spider, Family Pisauridae, common near water and in cave entrances.
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050.JPG: Leiobunum sp., TX: Daddy longlegs (harvestmen) cluster in dark, moist places near  the entrance. They leave the cave at night to feed on smelly foods like feces and carrion, sometimes aphids. They are not spiders, but opilionids, arachnids with a fused body form and no silk or venom glands. They emit a defensive odor when disturbed, are nonpoisonous and their chelicerae (mouthparts) are too small to inflict a bite. Four species of Leiobunum have been found in Missouri caves. Other harvestmen may have shorter legs and spiny pedipalps (arm-like appendages) for taking small insects.
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050b.jpg: Banksula melones, troglobite, McLean's Cave, Tuolumne County, California. By William R. Elliott, 1977. This type of troglobitic, phalangodid harvestman has been found in many states, but not yet in Missouri.
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051.jpg: Pseudoscorpions of several families may be found in caves, such as the stocky little chernetids, genus Hesperochernes (right), which are trogloxenes and troglophiles in bat guano, dung, or wood rat nests, or rarely slender troglobites from other families (left). Pseudoscorpions prey on small arthropods. Sizes range from 2-5 mm. Composite photo by William R. Elliott and David C. Ashley.
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